上海市行政法制研究所译审外事室主办 2009年12月 20日出版

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　　目 录

　　[译文规范]

　　地方性法规、政府规章和规范性文件名称的英译是否须加双引号

　　具有“实施意见”的规范性文件名称中“意见”的英文表述

　　关于规范性文件中“印发”的英文表述

　　[专家论坛]

　　法规翻译笔记（2）（周建中）

　　[译海一粟]

　　谈翻译艺术与翻译经济（陈小雁）

　　[译文规范]

　　1. 地方性法规、政府规章和规范性文件名称的英译是否须加双引号

　　在地方性法规、政府规章和规范性文件的翻译中，其名称是否须加双引号，意见似不太一致。

　　目前的做法是：有加双引号，有不加双引号，有采用斜体。

　　经上海市地方法规译审专家和我室成员的切磋讨论，大家认为符合英文习惯的做法是不加双引号。

　　兹将地方法规、政府规章和规范性文件名称的翻译规范为：非斜体不添加双引号。例如： Procedures of Shanghai Municipality on Checking Residents’ Financial Situation.

　　2. 具有“实施意见”的规范性文件名称中“意见”的英文表述

　　在目前的翻译中，“实施意见” 中“意见” 的表述通常为：“suggestions”.

　　上海市地方法规译审专家中有建议参照国务院公报中“意见”的英文翻译，译成“opinions”;也有专家认为“rule”方能反映中文“意见”在规范性文件名称中的深层涵义, 故翻译为“rules”最为贴切。

　　经我室成员的切磋讨论，有的认为应采用“rules”，有的认为应参照《中华人民共和国国务院公报》目录译文，采用“opinions”.

　　鉴于我室成员目前对“实施意见” 中“意见” 英译的认识程度，兹暂将“意见” 的翻译规范为：“opinions”.

　　3. 关于规范性文件中“印发”的英文表述

　　在我室以前的规范中，“印发”译为：“print and distribute”.

　　有关专家来函建议：将“印发” 直译为“print and distribute”欠妥，宜译成“publish in print”.

　　专家认为：现代汉语的词语常常由两个字组成，也许读起来方便。这些“two-word verb”并不一定表示两个独立的行为。如： 公安局签发护照，“签发”要译成“sign and issue” 吗？上级机关的答复、指示、转发、准许等都加一个 “批” 字。 如：批示、批复、批阅、批转、批准。又如：审查、审批、审核，都要拆开来翻译吗？

　　经我室成员切磋讨论，考虑我室多数成员的意见，结合北美英语国家类似文件中“印发”采用“publish in print”的情况，兹决定采纳专家的建议，将“印发”的英文表述规范为：“publish in print”.

　　[专家论坛]

　　本栏目专门刊登专家的翻译心得、体会及研究成果，旨在为法规、规章翻译的研究提供一个相互交流、探讨的园地。

　　本栏目热忱欢迎各位翻译和译审专家的来稿，稿酬从优。

　　加拿大法规行文参考（2）

　　周建中

　　笔者多年来在参与法制办的法规翻译和修改中，有些肤浅的体会。既然将中文的法规翻译成英语是给外国人看的，就要按照英语的习惯，而我们翻译成的英语有些地方受汉语的影响很多，不合英语的行文习惯。所以我认为一定要学习参照以英语为母语的国家的法律文件，不能全靠汉英辞典，逐字翻译。笔者将加拿大法规中可以利用的一些表达方式，摘抄下来供参考。省略原小标题，条号和备案号。下划线为笔者所加，以提请注意。

　　1. 施行日期：我们过去常用shall become effective 但在加拿大的法规中用come into force 为多见，其次有take effect, be effective 都用直陈式。极少见加用shall. 如：

　　1) This Regulation comes into force on January 1, 2008.

　　2) This Act comes into force on a day to be named by proclamation of the Lieutenant Governor.

　　3) This Regulation comes into force on the later of July 15, 2007 and the day it is filed.

　　4) The Minister may conduct a review of this Act after three years have passed since the day this section comes into force.

　　5) The designation takes effect on the date specified in the regulation.

　　6) An order under section 27 or 28 takes effect when it is served, or at such later time as is specified in the order.

　　7) The order takes effect immediately upon being made.

　　8）The order under clause (6) (a) is effective from the time it is posted.

　　9) The terminations are effective on the day the Minister is served with the notice.

　　10) This Act applies in respect of a site or environmental assessment referred to in subsection (1) even if work relating to the site or environmental assessment was done before the coming into force of this Act.

　　11）This section is repealed on a day to be named by proclamation of the Lieutenant Governor.

　　但是，请比较下面两句中使用shall:

　　An order issued under subsection (4) shall be executed at reasonable times as specified in the order.

　　An order issued under subsection (4) shall state the date on which it expires, which shall be a date not later than fifteen days after the order is issued.

　　在加拿大法规条文中，条文规定的不是行为规范，不用祈使式（shall）. 请看下面的举例：

　　2. 适用（范围）， “以……为准”多用prevail, 也有 govern 都不用祈使式shall.

　　1）This Act does not apply to a body corporate with share capital that is a corporation to which the Co-operative Corporations Act applies;

　　2) The Model Law applies to international commercial arbitration agreements and awards, whether made before or after the coming into force of this Act.

　　3）The provisions of this Act relating to stated capital do not apply to an open-end mutual fund.

　　4) In the event of a conflict between this Act and any designated Act, this Act prevails unless the provision in the designated Act states that it is to prevail.

　　5）If there is a conflict between a regulation made under clause (1) (c) and a regulation made by the Lieutenant Governor in Council under section 113, the latter prevails.

　　6） This Act and the building code prevail over the terms of an appointment of a registered code agency.

　　7）If the members of a board of arbitration are unable to agree among themselves on matters of procedure or as to the admissibility of evidence, the decision of the chair governs.

　　8) If there is a conflict between a provision of the fire code and a provision of a municipal by-law respecting the keeping and manufacturing of explosives, the provision that is the most restrictive prevails.

　　其他使用直陈式的例句

　　9）A municipality does not require the Minister’s approval to engage in an activity described in subsection (1) for the purpose described in subsection (1).

　　 10）The registration is effective for five years from the date it is accepted for registration by the Registrar.

　　11) The decision of the Auditor General is final.

　　12) An approval is not transferable.

　　13) The owner of a dog is liable for damages resulting from a bite or attack by the dog on another person or domestic animal.

　　(The owner of a dog shall exercise reasonable precautions to prevent it from biting or attacking a person or domestic animal.)

　　14) The appointment of the supervisor is valid until terminated by the Minister.

　　15) The Lieutenant Governor in Council may appoint a Deputy Official Arbitrator and, in case of the illness or absence or inability to act of the Official Arbitrator and during a vacancy in the office, the Deputy Official Arbitrator has all the powers and shall perform all the duties of the Official Arbitrator.

　　3. 负责实施Administration /Enforcement

　　1) The Minister is responsible for the administration of this Act.

　　2) The council of each municipality is responsible for the enforcement of this Act in the municipality, except where otherwise provided by this Act.

　　4. 罚款：……以上……以下not less than and not more than. 处罚大都以every person 为主语.并处以: and in addition…应受（罚）的 be liable to= be subject to

　　1) Every person who fails to comply with subsection (1) is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to a fine of not less than $250 and not more than $20,000.

　　2) Every person who fails to comply with subsection (1) is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to a fine of not less than $100 and not more than $500 on a first conviction and not less than $200 and not more than $1,000 on each subsequent conviction.

　　5. Such …as 的句型常出现在条文中

　　1) Such other provisions as are prescribed.

　　2) The Board shall conduct reviews under section 97 and perform such other duties as are assigned to it by the regulations.

　　3) If a plan or an amended plan is submitted to the Minister under subsection (2), the Minister may approve it, reject it or approve it with such modifications as may be made by the Minister.

　　4) The annual report must include such information as the Minister may specify.

　　5) Each community care access corporation shall give the Minister such other information and reports on its affairs and operations as the Minister may require.

　　6) Where a Director is absent or there is a vacancy in the office of a Director, the powers and duties of the Director shall be exercised and performed by such employee of the Ministry as the Minister may designate..

　　7) The Director shall give notice of the control order to every municipality in which the contaminant is discharged and to the public in such manner as the Director considers appropriate.

　　6. “责令、命令……”有以下表达法

　　make an order for something; make an order doing; order something; order someone to do; may by order do; order that someone do; the order may require that the person do; to whom an order to do something is directed 例句如下：

　　1）责令暂扣许可证The director may by order suspend any license, certificate or permit that has been issued to the person until the penalty is paid.

　　2) The court may make an order for the appointment of a receiver and manager if it is satisfied that it is in the public interest to have a receiver and manager take control of an operator’s business.

　　3) Where the registrar believes on reasonable grounds that a licensee is making a false, misleading or deceptive statement in any advertisement, circular, pamphlet or similar material published by any means,

　　the registrar may,

　　(a) order the cessation of the use of such material;

　　(b) order the licensee to retract the statement or publish a correction of equal prominence to the original publication; or

　　(c) order both a cessation described in clause (a) and a retraction or correction described in clause (b).

　　4) On its own initiative or on the request of the prosecutor, the court that convicts a person of an offence under clause (2) (b) or (c) may, in addition to any other penalty imposed under this section, order the person to take such action as the court directs to repair or rehabilitate the damage that results from or is in any way connected to the commission of the offence, within the time specified in the order.

　　7. 妨碍执行公务Obstruction of inspector/ Obstruction prohibited/ Interference prohibited

　　No obstruction

　　1）No person shall obstruct an inspector in the performance of his or her duties

　　or furnish an inspector with false information.

　　2） No person shall hinder, obstruct or interfere with an inspector in the execution of a warrant or otherwise impede an inspector in carrying out his or her duties under this Act.

　　 3）No person shall obstruct an inspector conducting an inspection or withhold from him or her or conceal or destroy any money, valuables, documents or records that are relevant to the inspection.

　　 4）No person shall obstruct an inspector who is exercising powers under this section or provide an inspector with false or misleading information.

　　 8. 职责和职权duties，powers 责任范围 area of responsibility

　　1） A Director shall perform the duties imposed and may exercise the powers conferred upon a Director by this Act or the regulations or by any other Act or regulation thereunder.

　　2）If the Minister appoints more than one director, the Minister shall specify the area of responsibility of a director in the appointment. 明确责任范围

　　9. 征求意见，提出建议。我们常译成seek opinions from，put forward suggestions,很少使用consult with, comment on 和 recommend, recommendation

　　Consultation and public participation

　　If an amendment is proposed under subsection (1), the Minister shall,

　　(a) consult with any affected public bodies, including the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Niagara Escarpment Commission and the Greenbelt Council established under section 15;

　　(b) consult with the council of each municipality or with each municipal planning authority that has jurisdiction in the Greenbelt Area; and

　　(c) ensure that the public is given an opportunity to comment on the proposed amendment.

　　10．不同意的通知Notice of refusal to consent

　　The registrar, on refusing to consent to an application under this section, shall advise the applicant in writing of,

　　(a) the reasons for the refusal; and

　　(b) the applicant’s right to appeal.

　　11. 备案

　　1）All plans, orders and reports furnished or made under this Part shall be kept on file in the Ministry.

　　2）The Minister shall ensure that a copy of the Greenbelt Plan and of every amendment to it is filed,

　　(a) in the offices of the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing; and

　　(b) with the clerk of each municipality that has jurisdiction in the Greenbelt Area.

　　12. 公开Information for the public; public notice; publication

　　1）The Minister shall make every annual report of every community care access corporation available to the public and may make available such other information about each corporation as he or she considers to be necessary in the public interest.

　　 2）As required by regulation, the registrar shall make available to the public the names of licensees and other information, as prescribed, in respect of licensees.

　　3) The names of licensees shall be made available in the prescribed form and manner and with such information as is prescribed.

　　4) No person shall publish or make public information that has the effect of identifying a child who is a witness at or a participant in a hearing or the subject of a proceeding, or the child's parent or foster parent or a member of the child's family.

　　Notice of a ruling shall be published at least once in The Ontario Gazette and made available, upon request, to members of the public.

　　13. 当事人party，有关当事人the party concerned

　　1) This Act applies to an arbitration to which Her Majesty is a party.

　　2）A party to the dispute may apply to the Building Code Commission to resolve the issue.

　　3) The Building Code Commission shall hold a hearing to decide the dispute and shall give the parties to the dispute notice of the hearing.

　　4）Except with the consent of the parties, no decision of the Building Code Commission shall be given unless all members present throughout the hearing participate in the decision.

　　14．责任人，负责人"person responsible" means the owner, or the person in occupation or having the charge, management or control of a source of contaminant;

　　Responsible persons有责任心的人

　　责任CIVIL LIABILITY

　　Liability of owner

　　The owner of a dog is liable for damages resulting from a bite or attack by the dog on another person or domestic animal.

　　No corporation or person acting on its behalf incurs any liability by reason only of circulating a proposal or statement in compliance with this section.

　　对债务承担有限责任In this section, “extra-provincial limited liability company” means an unincorporated association, other than a partnership, formed under the laws of another jurisdiction that grants to each of its members limited liability with respect to the liabilities of the association.

　　Liability [U] 1. the state of being liable; 2.（pl）debts ( 牛津现代高级英语词典)

　　作“责任”解时为不可数名词。下面两句摘自China Daily, 其中liabilities 不妥。

　　(Liabilities can be easily transferred among the parties, so that no party gets its due share. We agree with deputy-director … that the GAQSIQ should not shoulder unlimited liabilities for the diary scandals.）

　　另外在 according to law, in accordance with the law 中 law 也不用复数

　　15．根据，按照, pursuant to

　　1）Where the court orders arbitration proceedings to be consolidated pursuant to clause (1) (a) and the parties to the consolidated arbitration proceedings are in agreement as to the choice of the arbitral tribunal for that arbitration proceeding, the court shall appoint the arbitral tribunal chosen by the parties, but, if the parties cannot agree, the Court may appoint the arbitral tribunal for that arbitration proceeding.

　　2）Where, pursuant to article 8 of the Model Law, a court refers the parties to arbitration, the proceedings of the court are stayed with respect to the matters to which the arbitration relates.

　　[译海一粟]

　　编者按：本栏目所选的文章系《法规翻译》责任编辑根据自己的翻译经历形成的心得，旨在抛砖引玉，为译界同行议论译事和探讨翻译技巧创造一块百家争鸣的园地。

　　谈翻译艺术与翻译经济

　　陈小雁

　　摘要：翻译是门艺术，是再创造，应以美学的理念去审视一部译品，这一观念已广为人们所接受。然而，在新世纪新形势下，“翻译经济”这一新生儿应时诞生，她正以蓬勃的生机冲击着传统的翻译标准和理念。本文以“上海市城市交通白皮书”中文本的英译为案例，首先探讨了“翻译艺术”和“翻译经济”各自的涵义；接着分析了在目前形势下，如何把握各自特点，处理好两者的关系，并对翻译流程直接作用于译品质量进行了探讨；最后阐述了如何根据译品性质和用途确保“翻译艺术”和“翻译经济”各行其职、各得其所，以抵达艺术和经济双赢的高峰。

　　一、 前 言

　　1.1 背景

　　经过上海有关部门历时数年的努力，借鉴国际上一些著名大都市的通行做法，中国第一部以政府名义公开发表的《上海市城市交通白皮书》（以下简称《白皮书》）将以中英文版正式“面世”。《白皮书》系统地提出了未来20年内上海城市交通发展的战略、目标、任务和措施。它既是指导各相关部门实际工作的纲领，也是政府对广大市民的承诺。

　　对于这样一部作品中文本的英译，其重要性在翻译行内外达成共识并不难，但在中国已加入世贸组织，在以市场经济为主导杠杆的国际大都市上海，如何在追求高效率的同时，确保该英文作品的质量，使译品吻合传统的翻译标准和理念，却成了翻译业内外人士的一大头痛。

　　1.2 过程

　　由于要赶时间发布和出版，这部近百页作品的首译只能落到了可确保10天出译品的一家小型翻译公司身上。笔者作为该译品的最终审校者，应要求在几天内审完译品后的感觉是：先天不足。与翻译公司前来面谈的两位人员道明《白皮书》背景和译品状况后，对方主动提出重译。一个半月后，新一轮的译品出炉了（以下简称译社版），笔者应要求在一周内对译品进行审校，该译品同时又送两名交通领域的老总和上海同济大学5~6名本专业海归博士生审核。一名老总应要求花两天时间，稍改了几处，总的意见是：“如果拣较高的标准来衡量的话，由于翻译太拘泥于原文的一一对应，因此有的地方难免比较生硬和不太符合英语的习惯用法”(以下简称技审版1)；另一老总对全文，特别是某些技术术语，作了较大力度的修改（以下简称技审版2）；同济大学的博士生则分工合作，对原文作了重译（以下简称同济版）。一圈下来，经几方审核过的译品又回到笔者手中。如何定下最终稿，笔者站在了翻译艺术和翻译经济的十字路口。一面是要和中文版同时向社会发布，需在尽可能短的时间内定稿，只给一周左右的审校时间；一面是以“信、达、雅”为准则“推敲与锤炼”需必要的时间，倘一味追求效率，那只能以牺牲质量为代价。斟酌再三，一个进退相宜的方案在笔者的脑中逐渐清晰起来。先重整“衣”、“袖”，即序言、前言、四大部分和每章最前面的一段序文，小修章节内文字，视进度中给予的时间情况，再定夺对忍痛撇下的章节内容动手术的深度和广度。新一轮的审核开始了，笔者首先得到一周的时间，结果花了10多天。上交后通过争取又得到了一周的时间，结果又花了10多天。在审校稿上交的同时，笔者仍争分夺秒地对章节中具体内容作修改，通过解释，又争取到了近10天时间。最后的期限到了，该交卷了，正如某出版名家所言：这是门遗憾的艺术。正是，对于出版的作品来说，没有最好，只有更好。但令笔者欣慰的是，有机会用自己倾注的热情，将“这门艺术”的遗憾降至最小。过后得暇对比通读时方发现，不断审校的稿子，在“偷梁换柱”和“整容换颜”后，已很难找到前面的影子，给人以判若两人之感（以下简称最终版）。

　　二、 翻译艺术和翻译经济的涵义

　　2.1 翻译艺术

　　翻译艺术指译者运用深厚的双语功底、凭借一定的技术技巧驾驭语言，运用美学的理论，创造性地用目标语言等值地再现源语作品的神韵，译者在注重句子的构架、词语的锤炼、段落的自然过渡的基础上，达成全文的完整性，给人以一气呵成之感，从而使译品和原作品达到貌离神合的效果。我国翻译鼻祖严复的“信、达、雅”理论、美国翻译理论大师奈达博士的“等值论”均为翻译艺术设定了评判标准。从翻译艺术意义上说，翻译是再创作，是科学是技术，翻译绝非雕虫小技，未经一番造就是译不出优秀译文来的。正如鲁迅所说的：“我向来以为翻译比创作容易，因为至少是无须构想。但到真的一译，就会遇到难关，譬如一个名词或一个动词，写不出，创作的时候可以回避，翻译上却不成，也还得想，以至弄的头昏眼花，好象在脑子里摸一个急于开箱子的钥匙，却没有”（见《题未定》草）。鲁迅翻译“死魂灵”时说：“…很难译…真的好象作苦工，日子不好过”，翻译时“字典不离手，冷汗不离身”，“译果戈理，颇以为苦，每译两章，好象生一场病”（1935年6月28日致胡风信）。

　　2.2 翻译经济

　　翻译经济指以翻译作为手段，通过经营翻译业务，赚取译员创造的剩余价值而创造的经济效益。其内在本质是翻译速度愈快，创造的剩余价值愈大。于是乎，粗译、滥译、胡译（对翻译内容不甚了解或一知半解）现象出现，有些投机的翻译经营人甚至钟情于某些机器翻译软件而不能自拔。孰知，机器翻译虽处理堆积如山的科技文献的能力可观，但准确率就目前的研究成果而言却不容乐观。至于翻译带有强烈感情色彩的文学作品，更是难以胜任。

　　时下，翻译经济这一市场经济孕育的新生儿，在WTO土壤的滋润下，正以蓬勃的生命力，冲击着传统的翻译标准和理念。《白皮书》翻译过程中产生的不同版本，有助于感性地认识翻译艺术和翻译经济的涵义。

　　原文： 上海市城市交通发展的战略是建设国际大都市一体化交通,创造国际一流的人性化、捷运化、信息化和生态化的巨型交通空间,建设公共客运系统、道路运行系统、交通衔接系统和综合管理系统,实施公共交通优先政策、交通区域差别政策和道路车辆协调政策。

　　译文1: The strategies of development of Shanghai transport are to build an integrated transport for the international metropolitan, to create an enormous and internationally first-class transport space featuring personalized, fast, IT and environment friendly, to build a public passenger transport system, road running system, transport joining system and comprehensive management system, and implement policies of public transport first, regional differentiating and road coordinating (译社版).

　　译文2: Transport Strategy for Shanghai is:

　　 Build an integrated transport system adaptable for international metropolis;

　　 Create top-ranking and huge transport space with great consideration on humanity, express, information and ecology.

　　 Establish public transport system, road operation system, transfer connection system and comprehensive management system;

　　 Implement public transport priority, district differential policy and road/vehicle coordination policy（同济版）.

　　译文3: The strategy of Shanghai urban transport development is to build integrated transport for the international mega-city, to create a world class huge transport space of being man-centered, mass rapid, informative and ecological, to build a unified system for public passenger transport, road operation, transport interchange and comprehensive management, and to carry out the policies of bus priority, area differentials and road/vehicle coordination（最终版）.

　　译文1质量低劣，多处用词错误，歪曲了原文的意思。译文2充分运用熟悉专业的优势，通过自己的理解，在中文原有意思和段落结构处理上渗入自己的意愿，没能运用翻译技巧去最大地体现原文的意义和风格。译文3准确地使用交通行业术语，运用翻译技巧对译文2中反复出现的“系统”一词进行了处理，较好地再现了原文的本来面目。

　　三、 翻译艺术与翻译经济的关系

　　从前面一章的叙述中不难看出，翻译艺术追求的是“境界”，而翻译经济追求的是“效率”。处理好两者的关系，对译品质量至关重要。

　　3.1 双语能力的不断提高

　　不断提高双语能力,是在保证质量的前提下,提升翻译速度的有效措施之一。力戒浮躁、刻意追求效率效益，潜心钻研，定能开出以质量为花心、速度为花瓣的奇葩。以下一段取自于上海市市长陈良宇为《白皮书》出版所作的序的译文，其流畅飘逸的译文，巧用关系代词、过去分词和固定搭配等作为“锚固”，俊洒而不脱章法，飞扬中不失严谨，显示译者具有一定的功底。

　　原文：《上海市城市交通白皮书》是一部具有首创意义、指导城市发展的综合性文件，它既是上海市推进城市交通发展的纲领，也是政府对广大市民的承诺。

　　译文：The White Paper is a pioneering initiative and a comprehensive document that provides guidelines to urban transportation development. It contains not only the guiding principles adopted by the Shanghai Municipal People’s Government for urban transportation development, but also commitments by the government to the citizens.

　　3.2 翻译技巧和方法的提升

　　汉语和英语在句法结构上有着本质的差别，可概括为“严谨”与“简洁”之别。英语句子中各个成分（词、短语、分句）都用适当的联接词连接，表达其相互关系，结构上显得十分严谨。换言之，比较刻板，缺少弹性。汉语则不同，句子成分用逻辑意义贯穿起来，不一定要用固定的联结词，结构形式比较灵活、富有弹性，语句简洁，凝炼。在这种意义上可认为汉语重“意合”而英语重“形合”（王册.科技英语翻译技巧.黑龙江科学技术出版社，1985年）。

　　翻译时，须根据汉语和英语的结构特点，摆脱原文形式结构的束缚，应时地调整句法结构，方能出产流畅、易懂、易读的译品，如果生硬地按着原文结构形式套，以为是忠实原文，结果反使译文生硬，拖泥带水，翻译腔十足，不堪卒读。有时还会造成误译。

　　英语长句好象一株大树，枝杈横生。分杈的地方，由“which”、“who”、“that”等连结。汉语长句，讲究层次，分句轻短，承上启下，宛如行云流水，所谓“万顷碧波、层层推进” （王册.科技英语翻译技巧.黑龙江科学技术出版社，1985年）。

　　既然汉语和英语之间存在着如此的差异，翻译工作者应通过自己的翻译实践，积累汉英对应表达特点，逐步掌握处理各种语言现象的方法与技巧，形成指导翻译实践的准则，熟能生巧，灵巧中求速度。

　　《白皮书》中的一个长句较典型地说明了这一点：

　　原文：上海是一个市域面积6340平方公里的特大型城市，地处我国海岸线的中点和长江三角洲的前缘，腹地广阔，地理位置优越。

　　译文1: Located at the midpoint of China’s coastal line and at the front of Yangtze River Delta, and with a vast back-land and a favorable geographic location, Shanghai is a super mega-city and has an urban area of 6340 km2（译社版）.

　　译文2: The municipality of Shanghai covers an area of 6,340 km2, the mainland area of which is located at the midpoint of China’s coastal line and the front of Yangtze River Delta. It has wide hinterland and its geographic location is predominant（同济版）.

　　译文3: The Municipality of Shanghai, covering an area of 6,340 km2, the main area of which is located at mid of China’s coastal line and in front of the Yangtse Delta, is a super mega-city with vast hinterland and a favorable geographical position（最终版）.

　　译文1非但结构分叉未理清，且谬误四伏，连江河前须加冠词，固定搭配in front of 这些基本语法概念都产生错误。译文2试着用which 来理顺分叉,将中文句拆成两句,以一个冗长句开头,一个短小句收尾,有头重脚轻之感；且译文中尚存若干错误。译文3用现在分词和关系代词作为“锚固”，将中文句相应地用一句英文表达出来。

　　3.3 专业知识的日益更新和扩充

　　对英语、汉语具备足够的造诣就能成为一名优秀的翻译工作者吗？回答是否定的。有的译员只在钻研英语和汉语上下功夫，总觉得学科学知识是多余的。实践证明没有足够的知识就无法胜任日新月异的时代对翻译的要求。翻译工作者应成为“杂家”，即起码应具备所翻译领域的有关基础知识。以知识为奠基的速度，才是可信赖的。如正确性都保证不了，还谈得上什么艺术。

　　“译社”翻译的《白皮书》英文版中出现的一系列由于缺乏专业知识而造成的错误，充分地说明了不断扩充专业知识的重要性。

　　1. 区域范围定义的确定

　　在规划中，对区域范围、面积和人口密度等范围的定义至关重要，因为同样的规划内容在不同的规划范围内会变得毫无意义。故在《白皮书》前言的最后一段，即框定了《白皮书》在区域上对全市所作的划分，具体文字如下：

　　“《白皮书》在区域上将全市划分为中心区、外围区和郊区三个部分，中心区指内环线以内，外围区指内外环线之间，郊区指外环线以外，中心城由中心区和外围区组成。”

　　译文1：The white book regionally divides the whole city into central area, outer area and suburban area. The central area refers to the area inside the Inner Ring Road, the outer area refers to the area between the Inner Ring Road and Outer Ring Road, and the suburban area refers to the area outside the Outer Ring Road. The central city is composed of central area and outer area（译社版）.

　　译文2：The White Paper divides the whole city into three parts: the city center, the inner area and the suburban area. The city center refers to the area within the Inner Ring Road, the inner area refers to the area between the Inner and Outer Ring Road and the suburban area refers to the area outside the Outer Ring Road. The central city is composed of the city center and the inner area（最终版）.

　　译文2正确地译出了区域的划分范围，而译文1则失之分毫差之千里，根据其译文，“外围区”和“郊区”成了同一概念，造成了三个部分在区域划分上的混乱。

　　2. 正确运用技术术语

　　在《白皮书》的翻译过程中，技术术语似一个个陷阱，眨着狡黠的眼睛，等着译者失足跌入。技审版1虽稍修改几处，但有一处将报告中经常出现的“平均车速” average speed 更改为 average velocity造成不妥。在最终稿中,确定用 average speed, 因为虽然“speed”和“velocity”都是速度,二者有时可以换用,但它们在含义上有区别。“speed”为一般用词，指时间和距离的比值，没有方向的限制。而“velocity”则具有更为严格的科学内涵，是一种“矢量”，即有方向的速度(speed in a certain direction)。因此，二者不能混用（邹人杰.汉英科技翻译技巧.同济大学出版社,1988年）。如上述例句中的速度只能用speed来表示，因为它所着重的是速率，而不是方向，因此，不能用velocity来取代。

　　下面试举若干诸如此类的典型例子：

　　《白皮书》中原文 译社版错误译文 正确的译文

　　轨道交通 Orbit transport Rail transport

　　助动车 Auxiliary vehicle Moped

　　港湾式换乘枢纽 Lay-by interchange hubs Interchange hubs with bus bay

　　公交停车场 Bus-only parking lots Bus depot

　　出租车候车站 Business station of taxes Taxi ranks

　　物流中心 Commodity-interflow-center Logistical center

　　内河航道 Inland river channels Channels of inner rivers

　　线路经营权 Line operation right Franchise or concession

　　一体化交通 Integral transport Integrated transport

　　万车死亡率 Yearly death rate 0.05% Yearly death rate every 10 thousand vehicles

　　多式联运 Multi-mode combined Intermodal

　　客运量 Passengers Ridership

　　“停车-换乘” Stopping and transfer Park & Ride

　　挂浆船 Boats with oars Hang propeller ships

　　盘活资产存量 Revive the existing asset balance Liquidize remnant assets

　　3. 行话的灵活使用

　　行话的灵活使用可避免译文中反复使用某些词，造成文风呆滞。一般汉语中用于强调和递进文义的词语，若在英文中也反复用一个词语表达，便会造成这种后果。如英文表达交通的词语有：transport(英国英语)、transportation(美国英语)、 mobility、circulation 和movement;“货运交通”相应的英文表达有: freight transport(ion)、cargo transport(ion)、goods movement。

　　4. 新表达法的处理

　　对术语和表达法处理的基本原则为约定俗成，碰到新的表达法，应遵循“触类旁通”准则，即套用相关的约定俗成的提法，切忌自我发明、自我创造。这次的《白皮书》翻译中有个很典型的例子：“三横三纵”道路，也称“田”字型或“申”字型路，意在形象地用中文字结构表示这些道路的走向和形状。技审版2将其更正为：“3 lateral and 3 longitudinal” roads, 并配有一段文字说明:“三横三纵”指平面上的纵横，不能译为水平与垂直，可译为“3 lateral and 3 longitudinal” roads; 最终版将其定为: Three Horizontal and Three Vertical roads,主要套用了《汉英词典》（北京外国语学院英语系.商务印书馆.1985年）和《新英汉词典》（上海人民出版社.1976年）两本词典中的相关表达法: 1) 纵横 vertical and horizontal 2) 横竖(汉语书写中的比划) vertical and horizontal strokes，同时根据英文的惯用表达法，将书印号去掉，改成首字母大写。

　　3.4 翻译流程的控制

　　翻译工作有其自身的规律,同其它一切事物一样,顺从自然规律即走向成功,逆自然规律即导致失败。一个文本的翻译有其自然流程,从翻译管理的角度看,一般分为译员选定、任务分派、统一用词、审稿统稿、最终定稿五个环节。其质量控制点应落在“译员选定”这一环节上。《白皮书》英译稿，如前言中所述，走了许多弯路，其失误就在于将质量控制点放到了“最终定稿”这一环节上，故最后只能落个欲速则不达的结果。为什么译品的“质控点”一定得放在“译员选定”这个环节上，归根到底，还是由翻译性质决定的。既然翻译是艺术，是再创造，那么，和其他的文字作品的创作一样，其优劣在诞生之时已成定局。同样的原文，10个人译会有10种不同的译文。资质再深的译员欲将先天不足的译品改成上乘之作，也只能是回天乏术，除非重译。从《白皮书》几个版本的译文中，这一道理可见一斑。

　　3.5 人机交互翻译软件

　　不同于自动化的机器翻译系统或全文翻译系统,人机交互翻译软件（计算机辅助翻译系统）可通过人机交互友好界面,借助库中已储存的词汇、术语和相关资料（记忆翻译系统），达到提高翻译效率的同时确保翻译质量的目的。其功能是将译者翻译过的内容储存到记忆库中，利用模糊匹配技术供以后反复使用。它的特点是译者在整个过程中起主导作用。目前比较成熟的人机交互翻译软件有TRADOS和CAT等，前者的企业版可进行60多种语言的互译，个人版可支持5种语言的互译；后者可进行英汉两种语言的互译。据使用者介绍，刚开始那3个月,由于不熟练,效率甚至会低于平常;一旦用熟，即可提高翻译效率2至3倍。具一定计算机基础的译者，倘条件许可，不妨一试。当然，买软件及满足计算机配置等少不了一笔开支。

　　四、 各行其职各得其所

　　应通过将译品类型和用途正确分类，充分地利用好翻译艺术和翻译经济的各自特点，从整个翻译市场的角度，起到两种翻译形式互助互补的效果。

　　4.1 译品的不同类型及翻译手段

　　根据翻译材料的性质、用途和要求，译品可分成不同类型和相应的翻译水准：

　　类型 用途 翻译水准

　　招投标文件 专家评审、项目开展的依据 正确、流畅、术语规范而统一

　　法律文本、技术合同 有效期内约束暨合作的法律依据 准确、通顺、严谨

　　研究报告 专家评审、存档参考 正确、流畅、术语规范而统一

　　拟出版的文稿 永久保存、以誌后人 忠实、流畅、体现原文风格

　　参考资料 熟悉背景、研究依据 正确、通顺

　　信件、传真等 了解信息、反馈依据 正确、通顺

　　4.2 译品类型与译员的权利义务

　　在委托或分配翻译业务时，应讲明该任务的背景、性质，即译品的类型，接受业务方应根据要求确定人选和翻译流程，倘委托或分配任务时未予以讲明或讲清，那么委托方应对于不符合要求的最终译品负有直接责任。谈到译员的权利与义务，笔者想到了前年在“美国旧金山市翻译工作者网”上读到的情况，其有关条例中有一条很值得国内的业内外人士玩味：倘接受方对译员译品修改过多译员有权拒署自己的姓名。而现在国内令人啼笑皆非的局面是，译员的工作被视作打字或复印一类的性质，不享有署名权。实际情况是，倘译文质量过关，谁为译员便无关紧要；倘译文有质量问题，译员便“当之无愧”地接受兴师问罪。笔者认为，通过译品类型分类，应将翻译时间、质量、待遇和对译员的要求挂起钩来，从而在确定译者义务的同时，译者的权益亦得以维护。

　　五、 结 论

　　以速度和效益为特征的翻译经济正以蓬勃的生机冲击着传统的翻译标准和理念，逃避并非现实，应正确合理地加以疏导，通过挖掘其内在机理和含义，摆正其在整个翻译市场中的位置和作用，从而确保该新生儿朝着健康的方向成长。

　　六、参考文献

　　1．上海市人民政府.上海市城市交通白皮书.上海人民出版社,2002年

　　2．王册.科技英语翻译技巧.黑龙江科学技术出版社,1985年

　　3．邹人杰.汉英科技翻译技巧.同济大学出版社,1988年

　　4．张美芳.中国英汉翻译教材研究(1949-1998).上海外语教育出版社,2001年

　　本期责任编辑：陈小雁