法规翻译 2009年第2期（总第39期）

　　上海市行政法制研究所译审外事室主办 2009年 6月 20日出版

　　目 录

　　[译文规范]

　　一.“修订”、“修正”译文的统一................................................................1

　　二．法规、规章的修正题注翻译格式的统一.......................................... 1

　　[专家论坛]

　　浅谈法律英语的特点及翻译……..…......……...……....….....................3

　　[国外法律]

　　Bankruptcy Code……..…......……...……....….......................................13

　　[译苑撷英] ……..…......……...……....….............................................19

　　[译文规范]

　　1.“修订”、“修正”译文的统一

　　法规和规章经常会根据实际情况进行修订或修正。修订是指法规规章的全面修改（包括实质性内容和非实质性内容的修改），以及法规规章名称和体例需作变动、修改量较大的修改。修正是指对法规规章的某些内容进行实质性的修改，但法规规章名称和体例不作变动且修改量比较小的修改 。在目前的法律翻译中，这两个词经常被不加区分地译为amend或revise。根据Black’s Law Dictionary，amend的意思是1. to make right; to correct or rectify; 2. to change the wording of; specifically, to alter (a statute, constitution, etc.) formally by adding or deleting a provision or by modifying the wording。而根据《新牛津英汉双解大词典》，revise的意思是to reconsider and alter (something) in the light of further evidence; to re-examine and make alterations to (written or printed matter)。在Black’s Law Dictionary中， revised statutes被解释为：laws that have been collected, arranged and reenacted as a whole by a legislative body。由此可以看出，“amend”指通过增加或删除条款或更改措辞而修正法律，强调小修小补，力图在原有基础上完善，是局部的修正；“revise”是指立法机关对法律进行汇集、调整并将其作为整体重新制定，强调的是全局的调整。为了今后翻译的统一性和延续性，现决定将“修订”统一译为“revise”，“修正”统一译为“amend”。

　　2.法规、规章的修正题注翻译格式的统一

　　法规、规章的修正题注是指法规、规章标题下面标明修正的机关、修正的时间和修正的次数并用括号括起来的部分。修正题注是为了表明法律修正的合法性和时效性，是法律名称的补充和法规规章的有机组成部分。在修正题注的中文文本中，若法规、规章只经历过一次修正，往往将发布时间与修正之间用逗号隔开;若法规、规章经历过两次或两次以上的修正，则将发布时间与第一次修正之间以及每两次修正之间用一个空格间隔开来。在当前的翻译和译审实践中，修正题注中的修正时间及修正次数的翻译和它们的位置安排有时不尽相同：有的将发布时间与第一次修正之间以及每两次修正之间用分号或逗号隔开，有的用一个或两个空格隔开，有的用and连接。现决定，在修正题注的英译文中，无论法规、规章经过一次或多次修正，都统一用分号将发布时间与修正之间以及每两次修正之间用分号隔开。其翻译格式和用词统一如下例。

　　原文：

　　上海市河道管理条例

　　（1997年12月11日上海市第十届人民代表大会常务委员会第四十次会议通过 根据2003年10月10日上海市第十二届人民代表大会常务委员会第七次会议《关于修改<上海市河道管理条例>的决定》第一次修正 根据2006年6月22日上海市第十二届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十八次会议《关于修改<上海市河道管理条例>的决定》第二次修正）

　　译文：

　　Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Waters

　　(Adopted at the 40th Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress on December 11, 1997; amended for the first time in accordance with the “Decision on the Amendment of the ‘Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Waters’” Made at the 7th Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress on October 10, 2003; amended for the second time in accordance with the “Decision on the Amendment of the ‘Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Waters’” Made at the 28th Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress on June 22, 2006)

　　[专家论坛]

　　编者按：本栏目专门刊登专家的翻译心得、体会和研究成果，旨在为法规、规章以及规范性文件翻译的研究提供一个相互交流、探讨的园地。

　　本栏目刊载的文章仅代表作者的个人意见，并不代表本译审室的观点。

　　本栏目热忱欢迎各位专家的来稿，稿酬从优。

　　浅谈法律英语的特点及翻译

　　【摘 要】作为法律文化载体的法律语言因其术语和句法结构的复杂性而引起了越来越多的语言学家和法律界专家的关注。本文运用语用原则，通过分析法律英语的特点，试图从专业术语、文体风格及文化差异等方面讨论影响其翻译的主要问题，并提出一些探索性的建议。

　　【关键词】法律英语；语用原则；翻译

　　1． 引 言

　　法律是体现统治阶级意志、由国家制定或认可并由国家强制力保证实施的行为规范。英国哲学家大卫•修谟曾经说过：“法与法律制度是一种纯粹的语言形式，法的世界肇始于语言，法律是通过语词订立和公布的。”因此，法律英语同其它的社会方言一样，是人们根据社会文化环境和交际目的、交际对象等语用因素在长期使用中形成的一种语言功能变体，具有其自身的特殊用途和规律。法律行业的特殊性决定了法律英语有复杂的术语和句法结构。

　　一直以来，语言学家和法律界专家对法律术语、法律英语的用词特点和修辞特点、法律英语的简化问题等方面进行了许多卓有成效的研究，并被运用于法律英语教学、法律文献翻译、法庭口译、法庭辩论技巧、声音识别、笔迹识别等众多实践领域中。随着我国对外文化交流的增多，大量的法律文献被译为外文，同时也有大量的法律文献被译成中文。越来越多的研究者发现这类翻译中存在许多问题。本文试图运用语用原则分析法律英语的特点和法律文献翻译中存在的一些问题，以期对推动法律翻译的发展有所贡献。

　　2．法律英语的特点

　　2.1 法律英语的语用原则

　　法律法规的主要作用之一是规范法律主体的行为，调节法律主体之间的人际关系。这种规范调节作用主要是通过具有法律效果的言语行为（即法律言语行为）来实现的。因此，作为言语行为实施者的立法者和司法者，其法律能力和语言能力的主要要求之一就是准确、得体地使用法律言语行为，以便能够传达其所意图的法律效果。这里的得体是就准确使用法律言语行为而言的，不是Brown & Levinson (1987)等人所谓的“礼貌得体”这一日常交际原则。法律也是人与人较量的工具，较量双方都使用法律作为武器为自己服务。其中一方必然会想方设法钻法律的漏洞以维护自己的非正当权益。为了不给这种人钻空子，立法者所使用的表述法律内涵的法律英语必须准确严谨。法律英语表述的准确性对司法者的断案、判决而言至关重要。

　　2.2 法律英语的语用特点

　　法律英语同科技语言一样，并不具有特殊的语言材料或独立的语法体系，而是民族共同语在法律语境中的一个具有某种特殊用途的语言变体或语域。由于法律学科本身的特殊性以及法律长期在人们的政治、经济、科学和文化生活中所发挥的强大的规范和调节作用，造成了法律英语在实现其调节、规范作用的过程中也形成了一些自身的语体特点。法律英语的使用特点可以从语篇结构、句法和词汇选择三个层次来考量。

　　从语篇结构层次上看，法律语篇最突出的特点是它的高度程式化。法律语篇注重前后层次、埋伏照应、结构严谨、简详得当并具有严格特殊的程式。立法语篇结构层次分明，都是采用从宏观到微观、从总论、总则到条文、从重要条文到次要条文的语篇结构（张新红，2000）。这种程式化语篇是保持法律规范的庄严性及其内容的严谨合理和准确规范的必要手段，能使法律规范的内涵得到最充分的体现。程式化的语篇结构的另一个优点是它可以给所涉及的法律条文、专业术语和概括性词语设定具体的阐释语境，减少曲解或误解法律条文和概括性词语的可能性，瓦解那些想钻法律空子的企图。这种程式化也符合专业用法者的阅读习惯和阅读期待，可以使他们在理解和使用法律的过程中尽可能减少错误。司法语篇是国家司法机关依法制作或发布的有关处理诉讼案件的具有法律效力或者法律意义的司法公文。司法语篇的法律规范性和严肃性要求在其制作和使用上要符合一定的规范，即语言规范、内容完整、格式统一，例如上诉书、抗诉书、申诉书等，其制作均有相应具体规范要求（于绍元，1999）。

　　在句法上，法律语篇多用结构紧密、说理完整的长句，常常使用并列结构和复杂的同位语成分，为了保证表述的严谨准确性，有时会放弃简洁明了性和可读性。例如英国的法律法规都是由一句话构成的，首先前面使用一个“Be it enacted…”的颁布套语，然后一条一条地列出具体的法律内容。这样的法律条文必然很长，并带有各种复杂的附加修饰成分、插入语、并列结构和同位语等句子成分。虽然它们造成了阅读和理解甚至是使用上的困难，但是却能保证法律内涵的完整性、准确性和严密性。

　　在用词上，法律语篇使用的词汇主要有法律词汇和全民共同语中的一般词汇这两大部分。法律词汇都有特定含义和特定的使用范围，不能随意引申或用其它词汇替代。法律词汇主要包括法律语体专门术语和人工法律术语。人工法律术语指进入法律语言之后被赋予了特定法律含义的民族共同语，如“委托、告诉、故意的”。法律专用术语和人工法律术语的数量虽然不大，但它们的使用频率高并且地位独特，构成了法律语言区别于其它语体的主要区别性特征。

　　3．当前法律翻译中存在的问题

　　法律翻译历史悠久。近年来，随着我国对外法律文化交流的增多，每年有大量的法律文献被译成英文，同时也有大量的外国的法律文献被译成中文，其中存在着不少的问题，主要表现在以下几个方面：

　　3.1 法律术语翻译错误

　　术语翻译的好坏、准确与否常常关系到翻译质量的好坏。法律术语翻译准确，即使在其它方面，如文法上存在一定的问题，也许还过得去，不至于引起太大的误解；而如果法律术语翻译错了，就很有可能造成误解，甚至酿成纠纷。在翻译过程中，译者可能只注意到术语其中的某个含义，忽略了其它含义，或者只注意到其常用含义，忽略了其在特殊语境中所具有的特殊含义，或者是由于选择用词时把握不准而造成的失误。比如jail和prison这两个词的翻译。一般词典都将这两个词译成“监狱、牢狱”，不加区分，也有的词典对这两个词进行了区分。如《新英汉词典》将jail译成“监狱”，而prison则有两个不同的译法：1.监狱；2.看守所、拘留所。《大英汉词典》也将jail译成“监狱”，但对prison的两种译法的顺序与《新英汉词典》刚好相反：1.拘留所、 看守所；2.（尤指州政府及联邦政府的）监狱。即使是专业词典也不例外。《英汉法律词典》同样将jail译为“监狱”，而将prison译为“监狱、牢狱、看守所、拘留所”。这样给人造成的印象便是：jail等于监狱，prison等于看守所、拘留所或者监狱。那么这两个词到底是什么关系？美国特拉华州立大学刑诉法教授James A. Inciardi认为“A jail is not a prison. Prisons are correctional institutions maintained by the federal and state governments for the confinement of convicted felons. Jails are facilities of local authority for temporary detention of defendants awaiting trial or disposition on federal or state charges, and of convicted fenders sentenced to short-term imprisonment for minor crimes”。由此可以看出，jail不同于prison。prison是由联邦或州政府设立的关押已判决重罪犯的改造场所，而jail则是用于短期关押由联邦或州立司法机关起诉的等待审理的被告或被判处较短有期徒刑的轻罪犯的地方设施。我国《刑事诉讼法》也规定，对判处死缓、无期及有期徒刑的罪犯，应送交监狱执行刑罚，而在被交付执行期，剩余刑期一年以下的，由看守所代为执行。因此，jail恰恰相当于我国的“看守所、拘留所”，而prison则相当于我们国家的“监狱”。

　　3.2 法律文体使用不当

　　法律英语结构严谨，用词考究，逻辑严密，文体较其它体裁更为正式、刻板，较多地使用被动语态，这是由法律本身的特质决定的。但是，如果对法律英语的文体把握不当、认识不清，翻译中也可能会造成各种错误。下面是法律翻译中出现的几个文体使用不当的例子：

　　例1. 原文：第八十四条 债是按照合同的约定或者法律的规定，在当事人之间产生的特定的权利义务关系。享有权利的人为债权人，负有义务的人为债务人。

　　译文：Article 84 A debt represents a special relationship of rights and obligations established between the parties concerned, either according to the agreed terms of a contract or legal provisions. The party entitled to the rights shall be the creditor, and party assuming the obligations shall be the debtor.

　　shall在法律英语中是一个使用频率非常高的一个词，其语气往往较will和 should强，带有法律强制性的意味。上例中的shall be 用得就不是很理想，不如改为is更符合原文的意思和文风。

　　例2. 原文：The Parties shall distribute profits and share losses in proportion to their respective percentage of investment. The Parties shall only be liable for the indebtedness of the Company up to the amount of their investment in the registered capital of the Company.

　　译文：双方按各自的出资比例来进行利润的分配和亏损的分担。但是双方对公司的责任只须负责至其各自对公司注册资本的出资额。

　　法律文本的文体风格是严肃、庄重, 结构严谨, 具有规范性和公文性等特点。因此, 在英汉法律互译中要力求做到文随其体, 确表“法”义。上例中译文的后半部分似乎过于口语化，不太符合法律的行文规范，可考虑改译为：

　　双方按各自的出资比例分配利润、分担亏损。但各方承担的责任以其在公司注册资本中的出资额为限。

　　3.3 法律文化差异导致的误译

　　语言上的障碍可以通过掌握语言知识来解决，而文化差异是翻译中的一大拦路虎。中国的法律体系属于大陆法系，而英美国家的法律属于英美法系，本身就存在着很大的差异。比如，英美国家的律师分为两种：solicitor 和 barrister, 对这两个词有几种译法。香港将前者译为“律师”，而将后者译为“大律师”，这样让人们认为后者比前者地位高、水平也更高。而内地则将前者译为“事务律师”或“诉状律师”，将后者译为“出庭律师”或“辩护律师”，这种译法从一定程度上反映了这两种律师分工的不同，但也不是绝对的。还有，虽然lawyer一词在美国英语中使用的频率非常高，但是很少在律师的名片上使用，他们一般用attorney-at-law，而我国许多律师的名片上用的都是lawyer。

　　跟公司有关的一些概念的翻译也一直存有争议。比如，有人认为，corporation比company正式，规模更大，但后者更常用。在英语中，corporation和company都是多义词。 corporation除了可以表示“公司”外，还可以表示“法人”；当表示“公司”时，相当于 business corporation 或for-profit corporation。company 除表示“公司”外，还可表示不具备法人资格的“商行”。company表示“公司”时一般在英国英语中使用，corporation表示“公司”时一般在美国英语中使用。澳大利亚英语两词都使用，一般没有区别。美一般将公司分为close corporation 和 publicly held corporation , 英国一般将公司分为privately limited company 和publicly limited company，澳大利亚一般将公司分为public company 和 proprietary company。所以很难分清哪个词更常用、更正式，哪个词所表示的公司规模更大。

　　4. 结 语

　　由于法律文体明显不同于其他文体，法律英语在语言表述上，必须表现其特殊性，这就要求翻译人员认真研究法律英语的语言特征，在翻译实践过程中采用有效的方法提高翻译质量。在翻译法律英语时还必须考虑到其在法律制度和法律文化方面的差异，努力寻求搭建这些差异的桥梁，并灵活运用一些翻译技巧，使译文能准确传递原法律文本的信息。

　　参考文献：

　　［1］Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson. 2nd ed. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage[M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1978.

　　［2］陈忠诚.法窗译话［M］.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1992.

　　［3］何自然.语用学与英语学习［M］.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997.

　　［4］李阳.法律英语的文体特征及其翻译[M].长沙：湖南出版社，1998.［5］陆汶避.法律词汇翻译切戒望文生义[J].上海科技翻译，1998（2）.

　　［6］王建.影响法律英语翻译的因素[J].中国科技翻译，2003.

　　［7］于绍元.法律文书写作［M］.杭州：杭州大学出版社，1999.

　　［8］张新红.汉语法律语篇的言语行为分析[J].现代外语，2000（3）.

　　[国外法律]

　　编者按：本栏目主要刊载国外法律、法规，以为大家提供一个学习和研究各类法律文件的园地。

　　本期刊载美国的破产法（Bankruptcy Code）(节选)，以飨读者。

　　CHAPTER 3—CASE ADMINISTRATION

　　SUBCHAPTER I—COMMENCEMENT OF A CASE

　　§301. Voluntary cases

　　(a) A voluntary case under a chapter of this title is commenced by the filing with the bankruptcy court of a petition under such chapter by an entity that may be a debtor under such chapter.

　　(b) The commencement of a voluntary case under a chapter of this title constitutes an order for relief under such chapter.

　　§302. Joint cases

　　(a) A joint case under a chapter of this title is commenced by the filing with the bankruptcy court of a single petition under such chapter by an individual that may be a debtor under such chapter and such individual’s spouse. The commencement of a joint case under a chapter of this title constitutes an order for relief under such chapter.

　　(b) After the commencement of a joint case, the court shall determine the extent, if any, to which the debtors’ estates shall be consolidated.

　　§303. Involuntary cases

　　(a) An involuntary case may be commenced only under chapter 7 or 11 of this title, and only against a person, except a farmer, family farmer, or a corporation that is not a moneyed, business, or commercial corporation, that may be a debtor under the chapter under which such case is commenced.

　　(b) An involuntary case against a person is commenced by the filing with the bankruptcy court of a petition under chapter 7 or 11 of this title—

　　(1) by three or more entities, each of which is either a holder of a claim against such person that is not contingent as to liability or the subject of a bona fide dispute as to liability or amount, or an indenture trustee representing such a holder, if such noncontingent, undisputed claims aggregate at least $10,000 more than the value of any lien on property of the debtor securing such claims held by the holders of such claims;

　　(2) if there are fewer than 12 such holders, excluding any employee or insider of such person and any transferee of a transfer that is voidable under section 544, 545, 547, 548, 549, or 724 (a) of this title, by one or more of such holders that hold in the aggregate at least $10,000 of such claims;

　　(3) if such person is a partnership—

　　(A) by fewer than all of the general partners in such partnership; or

　　(B) if relief has been ordered under this title with respect to all of the general partners in such partnership, by a general partner in such partnership, the trustee of such a general partner, or a holder of a claim against such partnership; or

　　(4) by a foreign representative of the estate in a foreign proceeding concerning such person.

　　(c) After the filing of a petition under this section but before the case is dismissed or relief is ordered, a creditor holding an unsecured claim that is not contingent, other than a creditor filing under subsection (b) of this section, may join in the petition with the same effect as if such joining creditor were a petitioning creditor under subsection (b) of this section.

　　(d) The debtor, or a general partner in a partnership debtor that did not join in the petition, may file an answer to a petition under this section.

　　(e) After notice and a hearing, and for cause, the court may require the petitioners under this section to file a bond to indemnify the debtor for such amounts as the court may later allow under subsection (i) of this section.

　　(f) Notwithstanding section 363 of this title, except to the extent that the court orders otherwise, and until an order for relief in the case, any business of the debtor may continue to operate, and the debtor may continue to use, acquire, or dispose of property as if an involuntary case concerning the debtor had not been commenced.

　　(g) At any time after the commencement of an involuntary case under chapter 7 of this title but before an order for relief in the case, the court, on request of a party in interest, after notice to the debtor and a hearing, and if necessary to preserve the property of the estate or to prevent loss to the estate, may order the United States trustee to appoint an interim trustee under section 701 of this title to take possession of the property of the estate and to operate any business of the debtor. Before an order for relief, the debtor may regain possession of property in the possession of a trustee ordered appointed under this subsection if the debtor files such bond as the court requires, conditioned on the debtor’s accounting for and delivering to the trustee, if there is an order for relief in the case, such property, or the value, as of the date the debtor regains possession, of such property.

　　(h) If the petition is not timely controverted, the court shall order relief against the debtor in an involuntary case under the chapter under which the petition was filed. Otherwise, after trial, the court shall order relief against the debtor in an involuntary case under the chapter under which the petition was filed, only if—

　　(1) the debtor is generally not paying such debtor’s debts as such debts become due unless such debts are the subject of a bona fide dispute as to liability or amount; or

　　(2) within 120 days before the date of the filing of the petition, a custodian, other than a trustee, receiver, or agent appointed or authorized to take charge of less than substantially all of the property of the debtor for the purpose of enforcing a lien against such property, was appointed or took possession.

　　(i) If the court dismisses a petition under this section other than on consent of all petitioners and the debtor, and if the debtor does not waive the right to judgment under this subsection, the court may grant judgment—

　　(1) against the petitioners and in favor of the debtor for—

　　(A) costs; or

　　(B) a reasonable attorney’s fee; or

　　(2) against any petitioner that filed the petition in bad faith, for—

　　(A) any damages proximately caused by such filing; or

　　(B) punitive damages.

　　(j) Only after notice to all creditors and a hearing may the court dismiss a petition filed under this section—

　　(1) on the motion of a petitioner;

　　(2) on consent of all petitioners and the debtor; or

　　(3) for want of prosecution.

　　[(k) Repealed. Pub. L. 109–8, title VIII, § 802(d)(2), Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 146.]

　　(1) If—

　　(A) the petition under this section is false or contains any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement;

　　(B) the debtor is an individual; and

　　(C) the court dismisses such petition,

　　the court, upon the motion of the debtor, shall seal all the records of the court relating to such petition, and all references to such petition.

　　(2) If the debtor is an individual and the court dismisses a petition under this section, the court may enter an order prohibiting all consumer reporting agencies (as defined in section 603(f) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681a (f))) from making any consumer report (as defined in section 603(d) of that Act) that contains any information relating to such petition or to the case commenced by the filing of such petition.

　　(3) Upon the expiration of the statute of limitations described in section 3282 of title 18, for a violation of section 152 or 157 of such title, the court, upon the motion of the debtor and for good cause, may expunge any records relating to a petition filed under this section.

　　§304. Repealed. Pub. L. 109–8, title VIII, § 802(d)(3), Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 146

　　Section, Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2560, related to cases ancillary to foreign proceedings.

　　§305. Abstention

　　(a) The court, after notice and a hearing, may dismiss a case under this title, or may suspend all proceedings in a case under this title, at any time if—

　　(1) the interests of creditors and the debtor would be better served by such dismissal or suspension; or

　　(2)

　　(A) a petition under section 1515 for recognition of a foreign proceeding has been granted; and

　　(B) the purposes of chapter 15 of this title would be best served by such dismissal or suspension.

　　(b) A foreign representative may seek dismissal or suspension under subsection (a) (2) of this section.

　　(c) An order under subsection (a) of this section dismissing a case or suspending all proceedings in a case, or a decision not so to dismiss or suspend, is not reviewable by appeal or otherwise by the court of appeals under section 158 (d), 1291, or 1292 of title 28 or by the Supreme Court of the United States under section 1254 of title 28.

　　§306. Limited appearance

　　An appearance in a bankruptcy court by a foreign representative in connection with a petition or request under section 303 or 305 of this title does not submit such foreign representative to the jurisdiction of any court in the United States for any other purpose, but the bankruptcy court may condition any order under section 303 or 305 of this title on compliance by such foreign representative with the orders of such bankruptcy court.

　　§307. United States trustee

　　The United States trustee may raise and may appear and be heard on any issue in any case or proceeding under this title but may not file a plan pursuant to section 1121 (c) of this title.

　　§308. Debtor reporting requirements

　　(a) For purposes of this section, the term “profitability” means, with respect to a debtor, the amount of money that the debtor has earned or lost during current and recent fiscal periods.

　　(b) A small business debtor shall file periodic financial and other reports containing information including—

　　(1) the debtor’s profitability;

　　(2) reasonable approximations of the debtor’s projected cash receipts and cash disbursements over a reasonable period;

　　(3) comparisons of actual cash receipts and disbursements with projections in prior reports;

　　(4)

　　(A) whether the debtor is—

　　(i) in compliance in all material respects with postpetition requirements imposed by this title and the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure; and

　　(ii) timely filing tax returns and other required government filings and paying taxes and other administrative expenses when due;

　　(B) if the debtor is not in compliance with the requirements referred to in subparagraph (A)(i) or filing tax returns and other required government filings and making the payments referred to in subparagraph (A)(ii), what the failures are and how, at what cost, and when the debtor intends to remedy such failures; and

　　(C) such other matters as are in the best interests of the debtor and creditors, and in the public interest in fair and efficient procedures under chapter 11 of this title.

　　[译苑撷英]

　　编者按：本栏目本期所选译文均摘自我室翻译专家的翻译审定稿，仅供大家参考和探讨，并不代表本室的任何规范性意见。

　　1． 第十四条（法律责任）

　　行政机关工作人员应当依法履行职责，在执行本办法过程中徇私舞弊、滥用职权、索贿受贿的，由其所在单位或者监察机关给予行政处分；构成犯罪的，依法追究其刑事责任。

　　 持证人员和单位应当书面承诺所提供证明材料的真实性，严禁弄虚作假。一旦发现虚假或者伪造，取消其再申请的资格，并记入社会征信体系。对骗取本市常住户口的，及时注销。构成犯罪的，依法追究其刑事责任。

　　Article 14 (Legal Liabilities)

　　The working personnel of administrative organs shall perform their duties according to law, and shall be given administrative punishments by their units or supervisory organs in case they bend the law for personal gain or engage in fraud, abuse their power or solicit or accept bribes; if the act constitutes a crime, the wrongdoer shall be prosecuted for criminal liability according to law.

　　The permit holders and their units shall vouch in writing for the authenticity of the certification materials provided, and are strictly prohibited from practicing fraud. Once fraud or falsification is found, their qualification for reapplication shall be canceled and such behavior shall be recorded into the social credit information system. The permanent residence registration obtained through deception shall be written off in a timely manner. If the act constitutes a crime, the wrongdoer shall be prosecuted for criminal liability according to law.

　　2． 加强融资支持，改善融资环境

　　增加创业扶持的资金投入。有条件的区县要通过财政出资设立专项资金，或整合现有各类扶持创业资金（基金），用于小额贷款担保、贷款贴息等融资支持。建立健全创业投资机制，积极鼓励利用外资和国内社会资本投资创业企业；研究设立创业投资引导基金，增加创业投资资本的供给，引导创业投资企业投资处于种子期、起步期等创业早期的企业。积极推进小额贷款公司试点工作，切实为本市“三农”和小企业提供金融服务。（责任部门：各区县政府、市发展改革 委、市金融办、市财政局、市经济信息化委等）

　　Increasing Financial Support and Improving the Climate of Financing

　　Increase capital input in support of the creation of new businesses. Those districts and counties where the conditions are ripe should, through public finance, sponsor a specific-projects capital fund or integrate all forms of existing capital funds in support of the creation of new businesses, to be used in giving such forms of financial support as small-sum loan guarantee, subsidized credit, etc. Establish and keep improving the mechanisms for investing in the creation of new businesses and actively encourage the utilization of investment from abroad and by domestic non-government capital in creating new businesses. Make plans for the setting up of a fund to give guidance to making investments in new businesses, increase capital supply for investing in the creation of new businesses, and help attract enterprises interested in investing in the creation of new businesses to make investments in new businesses in their early stage such as during germination or during their beginning days. Actively push forward the work in experimenting with the setting-up of companies for small-sum loans, and make great efforts to provide financial service for “San nong” (agricultural production, agricultural people and agricultural areas) and also small enterprises. (Administrative departments accountable: all district and county people’s governments, the municipal development and reform commission, the municipal office of finance service, the municipal finance bureau, the municipal commission for economic affairs and informatization, etc.)

　　3． 实验室比对监测结果表明同步的自动监测的数据质量达不到规定时，则从本次实验室比对监测时间上推至上次实验室比对监测之间的时段按自动监测系统数据缺失处理。数据缺失时段的排放量按照市环保局制定的相关技术规范的规定核算。

　　区县实验室比对监测结果与市环保局的检查、抽查监测结果不一致时，由市环保局确认自动监测数据的有效性。

　　Where comparative monitoring results of research labs manifest that the quality of automatic monitoring is not up to the stipulation, the period of time between the monitoring time of research lab comparative monitoring this time deduced by the comparative monitoring of research lab last time shall be treated as data deletion of automatic monitoring system. Computation of discharging amount of data deletion period shall be checked in accordance with normative stipulation of correlation techniques by the municipal environmental protection bureau.

　　If the comparative monitoring results by district/county research labs are inconformity with the inspection or selective examination monitoring results of the municipal environmental protection bureau, the validity of automatic monitoring data shall be affirmed by the municipal environmental protection bureau.

　　本期责任编辑：尚凤梅