法规翻译 2009年第1期 （总第38期）

　　上海市行政法制研究所译审外事室主办 2009年 3月 20日出版

　　目 录

　　[译文规范]

　　政治、经济、社会民生等方面一些热词英译参考…………………1

　　[专家论坛]

　　中华人民共和国《民法通则》AAA英译本

　　比较分析(陈忠诚)……………………………………………………3

　　[百家争鸣]…………………………………………………………… 13

　　[译作欣赏]…………………………………………………………… 16

　　[译文规范]

　　在今年的全国政协会议上，反腐倡廉、医疗改革、食品药品安全、收入分配、就业问题、环境保护、住房问题、教育公平、社会保险、司法公正等问题成为关注的焦点。其中在政治、经济、社会民生等方面一些热词，也是我们在法律、法规、规章翻译中经常碰到的。现根据中国日报英语点津版，列出一些常见的词语、短语的英译，供参考：

　　administrative accountability 行政问责制

　　administrative transparency 政务透明

　　open management of party affairs党务公开

　　system of community level self-governance基层群众自治制度

　　super-ministry system大部制

　　issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area 三农问题

　　change from rural residents to urban residents农转非

　　rural left-behind population 农村留守人口

　　rural-urban development divide 城乡差距

　　scattered production model 分散生产模式

　　bridging loan 过渡性贷款

　　moderately easy monetary policy 适度宽松的货币政策

　　comfortable housing project 安居工程

　　economical housing经济适用房

　　three direct links “大三通”（通邮、通航、通商）

　　healthcare reform package 医改方案

　　home appliances going to the countryside 家电下乡

　　equal access to education 教育公平

　　government bodies realigning 政府机构重组

　　overlapping responsibilities and powers not being matched by responsibilities 职责交叉、权责脱节

　　the problems of excessive concentration of power and lack of checks on power 权力过分集中和缺乏制约的问题

　　reforming, reorganizing and upgrading SOEs 国有企业改革改组改造

　　new type of rural cooperative medical care system 新型农村合作医疗制度

　　extend the trial of basic medical insurance for urban residents 扩大城镇居民基本医疗保险试点

　　[专家论坛]

　　本栏目专门刊登专家的翻译心得、体会，旨在为翻译园地的朵朵奇葩提供绽放的沃土。并不代表本室的任何规范性意见。

　　本栏目热忱欢迎各位翻译和译审专家的来稿，稿酬从优。

　　中华人民共和国《民法通则》AAA英译本比较分析（续）

　　（接总33期）

　　陈忠诚

　　原文：第一百四十九条 遗产的法定继承，动产适用被继承人死亡时住所地法律，不动产适用不动产所在地法律。

　　 译文：Article 149. In the statutory succession of an estate, movable property shall be bound by the law of the decedent's last place of residence, and immovable property shall be bound by the law of the place where the property is situated. (LAB)

　　 Article 149. With regard to the legal inheritance of property, the law of applied to personal property, while the law of the place in which real estate is situated shall be applied to such real estate. (CCH)

　　 Article 149. In heritance by statutory succession of movables is subject to the law of the place where the immovable property is located. (CLR)

　　 述评：

　　（1）LAB与CCH不知是第几次了——滥用“shall”。

　　（2）“住所”不是“residence”而只能是“domicile”，请LAB注意；同理，CLR作“resided”也是错的，而CCH作“domiciled”就对了。

　　（3）以“statutory succession”译“法定继承”很对；但是，按具体词语具体翻译的原则，似以译作“intestate succession”更为具体——对继承法来说。

　　 （4）本条原文“遗产的法定继承”中“遗产的”三字，是立法废话——难道还有什么“非遗产的”法定继承不成？！CLR有鉴于此，在翻译时置废话而不理，是动了脑筋的。但LAB与CCH上了原文废话的当——把废话也译了出来。表面形式上的“忠实”于原文文字而影响了译文的质量。结论是：LAB与CCH要向CLR学习——删除译文中的“of an estate”(LAB)和“of property”(CCH)

　　 （5）“动产”与“不动产”之差就在一个“不”字之有无上。因此，在同一条文中，其译法两者必须同一：如果“动产”译作“moveables”，那么“不动产”就只好译作“immoveables”；“动产”译作“moveable property”，那么“不动产”就不得不译作“immoveable property”。LAB和CCH就是按此译出的，故译平衡和谐、明确精当。CLR违反了这一规律，动产作“moveables”而“不动产”却是“immoveable property”（而不是“immoveables”）了。应予以纠正。

　　 （6）“……住所地法”和“……所在地法”如果使用有关的法律术语就不必像现有译文那样辛苦了。

　　 （7）试译如下：

　　 In the case of intestacy, movables are governed by lex domicile of the deceased and immoveables-lex loci situs.

　　 附：四种译文词数比较：

　　 LAB 39词

　　 CCH 49词

　　 CLR 40词

　　 试译 19词

　　 原文：第一百五十条 依照本章规定适用外国法律或者国际惯例的，不得违背中华人民共和国的社会公共利益。

　　 译文：Article 150. The application of foreign laws or international practice in accordance with the provisions of this chapter shall not violate the public interest of the People's Republic of China. (LAB)

　　 Article 150. Where this Chapter provides for the application of the law of a foreign country or of international practice, this must not be contrary to the public interest of the People’s Republic of China. (CCH)

　　 Article 150. Foreign laws or international custom applicable in accordance with the provisions of this chapter must not contravene the public interest of the People’s Republic of China. (CLR)

　　述评：试以译代评：

　　 No application of a foreign law or international custom under this Chapter may contravene the public interest of the People’s Republic of China.

　　原文：第九章 附 则

　　第一百五十一条 民族自治地方的人民代表大会可以根据本法规定的原则，结合当地民族的特点，制定变通的或者补充的单行条例或者规定。自治区人民代表大会制定的，依照法律规定报全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准或者备案；自治州、自治县人民代表大会制定的，报省、自治区人民代表大会常务委员会批准。

　　译文：CHAPTER IX Supplementary Provisions

　　Article 151. The people's congresses of the national autonomous areas may formulate separate adaptive or supplementary regulations or provisions in accordance with the principles of this Law and in light of the characteristics of the local nationalities. Those formulated by the people's congresses of autonomous regions shall be submitted in accordance with the law to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval or for the record. Those formulated by the people's congresses of autonomous prefectures or autonomous counties shall be submitted to the standing committee of the people's congress in the relevant province or autonomous region for approval. (LAB)

　　Chapter IX –Supplementary Principles

　　Article 151. The people’s congress of a minority nationality autonomous area may, in accordance with the principles of the provisions of this Law, and incorporating the special characteristics of the local minorities, formulate adaptive or supplementary articles or regulations. Those formulated by the people’s congress of a minority nationality autonomous region shall, in accordance with the provisions of the law, be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress for approval or for filling. Articles or regulations formulated by the people’s congress of an autonomous prefecture or county shall be reported to the standing committee of the people’s congress of the relevant province or autonomous region for approval. (CCH)

　　Chapter Nine: Supplementary Provisions

　　Article 151. The people’s congresses of autonomous nationalities’ regions may, based on the principles provided in this law and the characteristics of the nationalities in those regions, enact amending or supplementing special statutes or provisions. Those enacted by the people’s congresses of autonomous regions will be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress for approval or recording; those made by the people’s congresses of autonomous prefectures or autonomous counties will be submitted to the standing committee of the provincial or autonomous region people’s congress for approval. (CLR)

　　 述评：（1）首先，立法原文“本法”两字乃用词不当。因为《民法通则》不同于《民法》。后者可称“本法”；前者不可称“本法”而只能作“本通则”。如有人主张可以称《民法通则》为“本法”，则完全可以对之提出下列修辞性问题而使之张口结舌，无法应对：

　　 为什么要称《民法通则》而不称《民法》呢？！

　　 （2）其次，原文之先天不足，引起了译文之后天失调：只有把《民法通则》译成“General Civil Law”的译本，才可在此以“this Law”译“本法”。其他译本都不能，否则就有前后矛盾、牛头不对马嘴之弊害。

　　 （3）原文“报请”三种译本有两种译法：“shall be reported/submitted”（CCH/LAB）和“will be submitted”（CLR），自以后者略胜一筹。似宜译作“are to be reported/submitted”为是。

　　 （4）原文“依照法律规定”CLR干脆不予译出，LAB和CCH则形式地译了出来。这两种处理都不可取。其原因都在于没有吃透原文。吃透原文的关键在于译者要善于发现问题。这里的问题是：为什么原文冒号前后结构相同，基本含义亦同，但冒号前有“依照法律规定”而冒号后则无之？

　　 与此同时，还要注意到另一个情况：原文冒号后“报”的落脚点只是“批准”；但冒号前却是“批准或者备案”，究竟是“批准”还是“备案”呢？法律规定要“批准”的就“批准”，法律规定得“备案”的就得“备案”！

　　 由此可见，原文“依照法律规定”不但必须明文译出，而且必须在正确理解（不是说“报”要“依照法律”而是说究竟哪一种要“批准”、哪一种要“备案”务必“依照法律规定”）的基础上如实译来。

　　 （5）原文尚有有失简练精确之处。

　　 综上所述，试译如下：

　　 The people’s congresses of the minority-nationality autonomous areas may, according to the principles of this law and taking into consideration the local minority-nationality specialties, enact adaptive or supplementary acts or regulations. Those enacted by the people’s congresses of minority-nationality autonomous regions are to e reported to the National People’s congress Standing Committee for its approval or record, as the law requires; those enacted by the people’s congresses of minority-nationality autonomous prefectures or counties—to the standing committee of the people’s congress of the relevant province or minority-nationality autonomous region for approval.

　　 原文：第一百五十二条 本法生效以前，经省、自治区、直辖市以上主管机关批准开办的全民所有制企业，已经向工商行政管理机关登记的，可以不再办理法人登记，即具有法人资格。

　　 译文：Article 152. If an enterprise owned by the whole people has been established with the approval of the competent authority of a province, autonomous region or centrally administered municipality or at a higher level and it has already been registered with the administrative agency for industry and commerce, before this Law comes into force, it shall automatically quality as a legal person without having to re-register as such. (LAB)

　　 Article 152. Enterprises under the ownership of the whole people which, before this Law came into force, were approved for establishment by the competent authorities at provincial, autonomous region, centrally administered municipality or higher level and which are already registered with the industrial and commercial administrative authorities shall have the status of a legal person without having to re-register themselves as a legal person. (CCH)

　　 Article 152. Enterprises under ownership by the whole people whose operation has been approved by competent authorities at the provincial, autonomous-regional or directly-administered municipal levels and above before this law takes effect, which have already registered with the Administration of Industry and Commerce, have the status of Juristic person without further registration as a juristic person. (CLR)

　　 述评：（1）译文中所用的“municipality”[未必是“市”]，不如“city”[必定是“市”]确切。

　　 （2）译文（CLR）中“and above”中的“and”乃“or”之误；“levels”为“level”之误。

　　 （3）“enterprise”兼指“企”或“事”业；以之译“企业”不妥。

　　 （4）译文中尚有不够洗练之处。

　　 （5）试译如下，请指正：

　　 Article 152. Its establishment approved of by the competent authority at or above the provisional, autonomous-regional or centrally-administered city level and registered with the competent administration for Industry and commerce—both before the operation of this Law, a for-profit enterprise is a qualified body corporate without further registration therefore.

　　 原文：第一百五十三条 本法所称的“不可抗力”，是指不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。

　　 译文：Article 153. For the purpose of this Law, "force majeure" means unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable objective conditions. （LAB）

　　 Article 153. The term “force majeure” in this Law refers to objective circumstances which cannot be foreseen, avoided or over come. (CCH)

　　 Article 153. The term “Force Majeure” as used in this law refers to objective situations that cannot be foreseen, avoided or overcome. (CLR)

　　 述评：以上所译并无不可，以下所列只是另一种可能的译文，供参考：

　　 Article 153. “Force Mejeure” under this Law refers to objective circumstances that cannot be foreseen, prevented or controlled.

　　 原文：第一百五十四条 民法所称的期间按照公历年、月、日、小时计算。

　　规定按照小时计算期间的，从规定时开始计算。规定按照日、月、年计算期间的，开始的当天不算入，从下一天开始计算。期间的最后一天是星期日或者其他法定休假日的，以休假日的次日为期间的最后一天。期间的最后一天的截止时间为二十四点。有业务时间的，到停止业务活动的时间截止。

　　 译文：Article 154. Time periods referred to in the Civil Law shall be calculated by the Gregorian calendar in years, months, days and hours. When a time period is prescribed in hours, calculation of the period shall begin on the prescribed hour. When a time period is prescribed in days, months and years, the day on which the period begins shall not be counted as within the period; calculation shall begin on the next day. If the last day of a time period falls on a Sunday or an official holiday, the day after the holiday shall be taken as the last day. The last day shall end at 24: 00 hours. If business hours are applicable, the last day shall end at closing time. (LAB)

　　 Article 154. Periods of time referred to in the Civil Law are calculated in terms of the hours, days, months and years of the Gregorian calendar.

　　 Where a period is to be calculated by hour, the time shall be calculated from the time specified. Where a period is specified to be calculated in terms of days, years or months, the day of commencement shall not be included. The calculation shall start from the following day.

　　 Where the final day of a period falls on a Sunday or other statutory holiday, the day after the holiday shall be deemed to be the final day of the period.

　　 Closing time on the final day of a period shall be midnight (2400 hours). Where business hours apply, closing time shall be the time at which business activities cease. (CCH)

　　 Article 154. The time limits as used in the civil law are calculated according to the Gregorian calendar in years, months, days and hours.

　　 Where a time period provision is calculated in terms of hours, [the calculation] begins from the time provided. Where the provision is calculated in terms of days, months or years, the time does not begin to run on that day but on the following day. If the last day of a time period is a Sunday or other legal holiday, the day after the holiday becomes the last day of the time period.

　　 The last day of a time period ends at 2400 hours [midnight]. When business hours [are meant], [a day] comes to an end at the close of business. (CLR)

　　 述评：（1）日期如何计算，乃客观叙述其制度，故LAB译文中的五个“shall”和CCH译文中的四个“shall”均属滥用；只有一种译文（CLR）不用“shall”，才是既符合原意又符合译文用法的。

　　 （2）原文“民法”系泛指，故不宜用“the civil law”，更不能用“the Civil Law”——因为除了“民法通则”之外，没有一部“Civil Law”！因此“民法”在本条的具体上下文中，以译作“any civil legis-lation”为是。

　　 （3）按原文，所计算的是规定的期间（年月日时）而不是期间的规定，因此译文CLR中一再出现的“provision is calculated”不但不合汉语原文而且连其译成的英语也是文理不通的。

　　 （4）原文共有四款，但CLR 译文却只有三款，这不是小事：其他文律文件提到该条第四款时，就无法找到了。

　　 （5）结合对现有译文的其他考量，试译如下：

　　 Article 154 In civil legislation, any time period is calculated by the Gregorian calendar in terms of year(s), month(s), day(s) and hour(s).

　　 A time period required to be calculated in terms of hour(s) is calculated from the time specified. A time period required to be calculated in terms of day(s), month(s), or year(s) is calculated from the day following the first day specified which is counted out.

　　 Being a Sunday or some other statutory holiday, the last day of a time period falls on the day following.

　　 The last day of a time period terminates at 24:00 hours or, where business hours apply, at the end of business hours.

　　 原文：第一百五十五条 民法所称的“以上”、“以下”、“以内”、“届满”，包括本数；所称的“不满”、“以外”，不包括本数。

　　 译文：Article 155. In this Law, the terms "not less than," "not more than," "within" and "expires" shall include the given figure; the terms "under" and "beyond" shall not include the given figure. (LAB)

　　 Article 155. The terms “or more”, “or less”, “within” and “at the expiration of”, as used in the Civil Law include the number itself. The terms “prior to the expiration of”, and “beyond” do not include the number itself. (CCH)

　　 Article 155. The terms “more than” (yishang), “less than” (yixia), “within”(yinei), “expiration of the term of” (jieman) include the number itself, “not ye reached” (buman) and “beyond” do not include the number itself. (CLR)

　　 述评：（1）上列三译文都采取把汉语的有关词语（在引号内的）意译成英语（也在引号内）词语。这种译法不论译对（LAB和CCH）还是译错（CLR）都是必须否定的：引号内的词语译对了，则全部译文成了同义反复，充其量亦仅多此一举，令人读后啼笑皆非，LAB和CCH两译之弊就在于此；引号内的词语译错了，如CLR译文所示，则又与汉语原意不合： “more than X”或“less than X”是并不（如CLR所译）“include the number itself”（即“X”）的呀！

　　 （2）如果把引号内的词语以汉语音译处理，就可避免上列翻译上

　　两难处境，似可略胜一筹。

　　 原文：第一百五十六条 本法自一九八七年一月一日起施行。

　　 译文：Article 156. This Law shall come into force on January 1, 1987. (LAB)

　　 Article 156. This Law shall come into force on 1 January 1987. (CCH)

　　 Article 156. This law becomes effective on the first day of January 1987. (CLR)

　　 述评：“shall”的滥用如此执着（LAB与CCH两家译文）更显得CLR（用becomes）之于最后一条译文不受“shall”病毒之害实属难能！

　　 又鄙友时任密歇根大学法学院教授Witmor Gray氏与其同道Henry Ruiheng Zheng君合译（原载Law and Contemproary Problem Volume 52, Spring & Summer 1989）本亦不用“shall”，而仅作“goes into effect”。

　　 (完）

　　[百家争鸣]

　　编者按:本栏目本期所登文章来自专家投稿,仅供参考和探讨,不代表本室的任何倾向性意见。

　　奇书奇错

　　陈忠诚

　　《纪念上海市法学会成立五十周年》

　　印刷精良、装帧讲究的《纪念上海市法学会成立五十周年》是一册奇书---错得奇奇怪怪。这种错误，特别对今日的上海来说尤其引人注目。余虽年已耄耋，但如对此不作评述，眼开眼闭，则死不瞑目也。故略举其例，并求教于大方：

　　1. 一般装订成册者多有页码，唯独此册无之（故本文除指出其错误之外，无法指出错误之页码）；

　　2. 原文 《纪念上海法学会成立五十周年》误译为 “Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of Shanghai Law Society” 应更正为 “In memory of…”；

　　3. 谨以此画册献给为上海市法学会作出贡献的人们！

　　This pamphlet is respectfully devoted to all those have made contributions to Shanghai Law Society.

　　原文 “devoted to ”应作“dedicated to” 而“have”前必须加入一个“who” !

　　4. A magnificent chapter has been composed, which are interweaved with trials and tribulations;

　　此译文一会儿“has been” (单数)，一会儿又 “are interweaved” (复数)，自相矛盾！！

　　5． 让我们欣然回首

　　Arousing us to reminiscent in vim and vibrancy.

　　“reminiscent” 能用作动词吗？

　　6． 1956 年，时任华东政法学院院长的雷经天…

　　In 1956, Shanghai Law Society was initially proposed by Mr Lei Jingtian the previous president of East China University of Politic and Law.

　　按: 当时并无 “East China University of Politics and Law” 而只有 “East China Institute of Politics and Law”!

　　7. 雷经天…时任华东政法学院院长

　　Mr Lei Jingtian being the president of East China University of Politics and Law

　　按： 明明是“学院”却在译文中升格为“大学”了。

　　8． 完成了普法读物《法律常识要览》的编辑，彭真委员长为其题词

　　with the publication of Legal Knowledge Overview, wich was inscribed by Mr. Peng Zhen

　　按：旁的姑且慢说， “which”都写成了别字― “wich”!

　　9. 杨兆龙 黄道

　　Yang Zhaolong and Huang Diao

　　按： “黄道”竟译作“黄刁”了！

　　10．1956 成立，1985年重组

　　Founded in 1956 and restructured in 1956

　　按：“1985”误作 “1956”

　　11. 成立或重组时间

　　Time of Foundation of Re-organization

　　按：“或”应作“or”而不应作“of”!

　　12. 把学术研究与立法活动结合起来，积极参与各项立法活动是法学会工作的重要内容

　　A key content of SLS’s work is to integrate academic research with legislation activities and to take an active part in various legislation actives.

　　按：末一词“actives”（译“活动”）系“activities”之别！

　　13．1991—现在《上海法学研究》

　　Shanghai Law Science Research and Development : 1991-now

　　按：“and development” 系衍文，占原文无据！

　　14．2005年，与华东政法学院联合举办了“第三节环境纠纷处理中日韩国际学术研讨会”

　　In 2005, SLS held “the third session of Sino-Japan, Korea international academic seminar on environmental dispute resolution” jointly with East China University of Politics and Law

　　按: 当时尚未更名为 “East China University of Politics and Law”!

　　15. By May 1999, the 160 consultation hotline has been substituted…

　　按: 又大错了! 应作 “the 160 consultation hotlines have been substituted…”

　　以上所举其类例倒还有呢，就不一一列举了。给纪念册自己留一些余地吧。还有改正的机会。但是要提醒一句：英文广告、路名等问题，都以其污染世博环境而受到制裁 （如《上海法学研究》已由有关部门禁止其标题使用英文有年了），是有案可查的呀！

　　作者简介： 陈忠诚 （1922――）， 前东吴法学院比较法硕士（1949）， 华政经济法教授

　　[译作欣赏]

　　编者按:本栏目本期所选译文均摘自我室翻译专家的翻译审定稿,仅供大家参考和探讨,并不代表本室的任何规范性意见。

　　开发办应当会同崇明县政府设立统一的行政许可申请受理服务窗口，按照“一门受理，分别办理”的原则，对开发办和崇明县政府及其部门受理及办理的行政许可事项，简化程序，提高工作效率。

　　除本办法第十条规定的委托开发办实施的行政许可事项外，教育、卫生等市政府有关部门对涉及长兴岛内学校、医院以及其他社会配套等建设项目的行政许可事项，应当提供便捷的渠道并指定专人负责；开发办也可以组织教育、卫生等市政府有关部门定期在长兴岛内办理学校、医院以及其他社会配套等建设项目的行政许可事项。

　　The development office shall, jointly with the Chongming county government, set up a unified service window for accepting the application for administrative permission and, in the principle of “accepting at one-stop window, handling at different offices”, simplify procedures and improve working efficiency for administrative permission affairs accepted and handled by the development office and the Chongming county government as well as its departments.

　　Besides those administrative permission affairs the development office is authorized to undertake as provided in Article 10 of these Procedures, relevant municipal government departments such as those of education and public health shall provide convenient channels for, and appoint specialized persons in charge of, the administrative permission affairs of construction projects of schools, hospitals and other social supporting facilities within Changxing Island; the development office may also arrange for relevant municipal government departments such as those of education and public health to regularly handle the administrative permission affairs of construction projects such as schools, hospitals and other social supporting facilities in Changxing Island.

　　对跨国公司地区总部的奖励。

　　对在本市经商务部认定为国家级跨国公司地区总部，且自认定年度起的年营业额首次超过10亿元人民币的投资性公司，给予1000万元人民币的一次性奖励；对自认定年度起的年营业额首次超过5亿元人民币的管理性公司地区总部，给予500万元人民币的一次性奖励。奖励分三年按40%、30%、30%的比例发放。

　　 Reward to the regional headquarters of transnational corporations.

　　A one-off reward of 10 million yuan shall be granted to a national level regional headquarters of a transnational corporation in this Municipality identified by the Ministry of Commerce, with its annual revenue in the form of investment company over one billion yuan for the first time from the year of identification; a one-off reward of 5 million yuan shall be granted to a national level regional headquarters of a transnational corporation in this Municipality identified by the Ministry of Commerce, with its annual revenue in the form of management company over 0.5 billion yuan for the first time from the year of identification. The reward shall be granted in three years at the rate of 40%, 30%, and 30% respectively.

　　本期责任编辑：轩晓颖