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法规翻译  2007第4期
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    上海市行政法制研究所译审外事室  (总第33期)

 [译文规范]

1. 关于“分区规划”翻译的统一

目前的译法有:“zone planning”, “area planning”, “division planning”“district planning”

根据“城市规划基本术语标准”中的定义,“分区规划”指:“在城市总体规划的基础上,对局部地区的土地利用、人口分布、公共设施、城市基础设施的配置等方面所作的进一步安排。”

根据中华人民共和国国家标准“城市规划基本术语标准”,将之统一为:“district planning”

2. “控制性详细规划”翻译的统一

在规范性文件的翻译中,经常遇到“控制性详细规划”的翻译,常见的译文有:“controlled plan”“detailed plan”,  “controlled and detailed plan” 等。

根据“城市规划基本术语标准”中的定义,“控制性详细规划”指:“以城市总体规划或分区规划为依据,确定建设地区的土地使用性质和使用强度的控制指标、道路和工程管线控制性位置以及空间环境控制的规划要求。”

现决定统一为:“regulatory plan”

3. “修建性详细规划”翻译的统一

目前的译法有:“detailed planning for reconstruction”, “detailed reconstructive plan” 根据“城市规划基本术语标准”中的定义,“修建性详细规划”指:“以城市总体规划、分区规划或控制性详细规划为依据,制订用以指导各项建筑和工程设施的设计和施工的规划设计。” 现决定根据“城市规划基本术语标准”统一为:“site plan”

4. “建筑面积”翻译的统一

在有关城市规划或建设的规范性文件的翻译中,经常遇到“建筑面积”的翻译,常见的译文有:“construction area”, “building area”, “floor area”, “architectural area” 等,现根据中华人民共和国国家标准“城市规划基本术语标准”,将之统一为:“floor space”, 如:“建筑面积密度”译为 “total floor space per hectare plot”

 [专家论坛]

本栏目专门刊登专家的翻译心得、体会及研究成果,旨在为法规、规章以及规范性文件翻译的研究提供一个相互交流、探讨的园地。

本栏目热忱欢迎各位专家的来稿,稿酬从优。

 

人民司法》的篇目英译§年检

陈忠诚

年年读《人民司法》,前两年起,不知怎的,忽形成一个习惯:每逢上半年总要把头几期一口气读一遍,戏称之为“年检”,聊以自我解嘲也。其中的重点,便是其篇目的英译。这次采样的对象,便是2006年该刊的头五期。请看:

1.认真落实科学发展观,推动人民法院工作全面协调发展

Carrying out the Scientific Development Outlook Seriously and Pushing the Work of People’ Court Forward

――《人民司法》,2006/1p.4

按:(1)“out”按其所处语境必须大写才是;

   2)“People’”系“People’s”之误。

2.要处理好知识产权审判中的三个关系

Dealing with the Three Relationship well in Hearing the Lawsuits of Intellectual Property Rights

――《人民司法》,2006/1p.9

按:“well”就其处语境必须大写!

3.《关于人民法院执行设定抵押的房屋的规定》的理解与适用

To Comprehend and Apply the “Provisions of People’s Courts on Executing of Estate under Mortgage”

――《人民司法》,2006/1, p.21

按:原文(“房屋”)小于译文(“estate”――不切。

4. 人民法院对证券侵权民事责任的认定及处理

How do people’s Court Determine and Settle the Civil Liability for Securities Infringement

――《人民司法》,2006/1, p.36

按:“do”乃“does”之误!此非不能也,不为也,足见译者之敬业程度!

5. 法院建筑的人文解读

Humanistic Interpretation on Courts’ Buildings

――《人民司法》,2006/1, p.60

按:“解读”自应以“reading of”为首选译名!

6.特定目的资产支持证券持有人利益的保护

The Protection of Benefit of Security Holders of the Company for Particular Purpose

――《人民司法》,2006/1p.78

按:“Security”(单数)乃“安全”,“担保”等义。此指“证券”言者乃“Securities” 也。

7.营业者对顾客所受第三人侵害的赔偿责任

Business Operators’Liability to the Customer for his Damages Caused by the Third Party

――《人民司法》,2006/1p.81

按:“his”在其所处语境务必大写!

8.被执行人到期债券执行的若干问题

Several Issues on Execution of Matured Credit of Person being Executed

――《人民司法》,2006/1p.92

按:“being”就其所处语境而论,万无小写之理!

9.折抵抚养费房屋的归属问题

Issues on the Attribution of Housing Converted into Aliments

――《人民司法》,2006/1p.101

按:姑且只说“Aliments”吧。在日常用语中虽与“alimony”同义,但在法律文字中多用“alimony”

10.刑法中的身份及其与定罪量刑的关系

The Identity in Criminal Law and its Relationship Between Conviction and Sentencing

――《人民司法》,2006/1p.66

按:“its”就其所处语境下自应大写。

11.从一起案例看原告人对后归案被告人的继续起诉权

On the Plaintiff’s Rights to Sue Continuously the Defendant who are Prosecuted Late by Analyzing a Piece of Case

――《人民司法》,2006/1p.104

按:(1)“who are”一定得大写!

   2)“后归案”作“Prosecuted Late”,应更正为“Later”为当。

   3)“case”系可数名词,因此“a Piece of Case”以作“a Case”为是。

   4)“从一起案例看”不必小题大做,而改做“as Shown by a Case”为已足。

12.从一起未成年人受害案件谈社会公共安全注意义务之法律适用

On Legal Application of Duty of Care on Social Public Safety according to a Piece of Case Involving Juvenile Victim

――《人民司法》,2006/1p.107

按:(1)“according to”浑然体是一个复合介词,因此,务必全体大写:According To! 切记!

    2)“案件”如上例(3)所述:“一起案子”即“a case”,何苦要作“a piece of case”!

13.让先进的旗帜更加闪亮

Let the Advanced Flag More Flashing

――《人民司法》,2006/1p.1

按:应作“Let the Advanced Flag Flash Even More”

14. 真贯彻“公正司法,一心为民指导方针……

Carrying out the Guidelines of “Fair Judicature, One Heart on the People Seriously

――《人民司法》,2006/2p.4

按:(1)“out”必须大写;

   2)“公正司法”应作“Fair Justice”

   3)“一心为民”应作“Whole-hearted for the People”

15.从一起案例分析劳动仲裁时效

On the Statutory Limitation on Labor Dispute Arbitration according to a Piece of Case

――《人民司法》,2006/2p.99

按:同刊连续2期接连犯同一错误(a piece of case)非同一般;“according to”应作“According To”,此错幸误再犯!

16.知识产权司法保护中利益平衡……

On Balancing of Interst in

――《人民司法》,2006/2p.14

按:单个“interest”怎么“平衡法”?!

17.论我国破产申请主体制度之完善

Improving the System of Subjects who Initiate Bankruptcy Application

――《人民司法》,2006/2p.71

按:“who”系实词,在其所处语境下非大写不可!

18.对外定牌加工中假冒他人注册商标的认定

Judicial Determination on Counterfeiting Other’s Registered Trademark in Processing the Products with Customer-designed Brand Name for Export Purpurs

――《人民司法》,2006/2p.75

按:末一次系错别字,而且是典型错别字!

192000年以来美国的死刑适用情况及其改革评价

The Situation and Evaluation on Application of Capital Punishment in United States Since Year of 2000

――《人民司法》,2006/2p.89

按:“Year of 2000”只需作“Year 2000”,一般没有正常的人会说“Year of 2000”

20.多元利益平衡视野中的股东权力保护

Shareholders’Rights Protection in the View of Plural Benefit Balance

――《人民司法》,2006/3p.69

按:拟作:Protection of Shareholders’Rights in the View of Pluralistic Interests

21.与精神病人发生性行为构成犯罪的惩罚原则

The Principle of Punishment on Crime of Sexual Intercourse with Mental Patient

――《人民司法》,2006/3p.61

按:“性行为”等于或者大于“性交”即“Sexual Intercourse”? 如前者等于后者,则原文与译文等值;如前者大于后者,则原文与译文不等值。

22.试析涉外民商事审判中的法律选择方法

Research on Methods of Law Selection in Civil and Commercial Adjudication Involving Foreign Factors

――《人民司法》,2006/3, p.82

按:所译虽达意,但按法律英语习惯似应改为“Choice of Law”及“Elements”为是。

23.海牙国际私法会议《选择法院协议公约》于对我国涉外民商事审判的影响

Convention on Choice of Court Agreements by Hague Conference on Private International Law and its Influence

按:“its”应大写为“Its”!

24.改革民事共同诉讼案件受理方式,发挥人民法院在构建和谐社会中的保障作用

Reform the Way of Accepting Case in Civil Colitigation and Develop the Function of the People’s Court on Guarantee the Constitution of a Harmonious Society

――《人民司法》,2006/3p.13

按:(1)“Develop”不切;宜改为:“Give Full Play to”

   2)“on Guarantee the”连语法都不通!“on”改为“to”才是!

25.城市房屋拆迁许可若干法律问题分析

Analysis on Several Legal Issues Involving Permission on Remove Urban Housing

――《人民司法》,2006/3p.22

按:原文为“拆迁”而译文却“迁(Remove而不“拆(Dismantle”!――莫非是利用新高科技整幢房屋搬迁竟事的?!

26.公有住房买卖合同纠纷案件的审理难点及解决思路

Difficulties on Trying Cases of Public House Sale Contract and the Clues of Settlement

――《人民司法》,2006/3p.28

按:“on”系“in”之误。

27.牢固树立起社会主义法制理念

Setting up Firmly the Ideology of Socialism Rule of Law

――《人民司法》。2006/4p.1

按:应改正为:Setting Up Firmly the Ideology of Rule of Law under Socialism

28.强化诉讼调解,为构建和谐社会提供司法保障

Emphasizing Mediation in Litigation, Providing Judicial Protection for Constructing and Establishing Harmonic Society

――《人民司法》,2006/4p.4

按:(1)“Emphasizing”等同于“强调”但不等同于“强化”(Strengthen;

   2)“和谐社会”通常多作“Harmonious Society”

   3)“保障”(guarantee)较“保护”(protection)尤过之。

29.庭外和解促和谐,机制创新谋发展

Settling Disputes Outside of the Courtroom for Social Harmonization, Innovating Systems for New Development

――《人民司法》,2006/4p.9

: 忠实原文而无所增损,此翻译之要也:

Out-of-Court Reconciliation for Further Harmony, and New Mechanism for New Development

30.刑事诉讼法官回避制度的完善

Improving the System of Withdrawal of Judges in Criminal Proceedings

――《人民司法》,2006/4p.63

按:“Improving”为“改良”之意,却不是什么“完善”。“完善”当是“Perfecting”!

31.知识产权的民事司法保护

On Civil Judicial Safeguarding of Intellectual Property Rights

――《人民司法》,2006/4p.26

按:(1)“民事司法”不等于“Civil Judicial”! “民事司法”等于“Civil Justice”!

  2)“保护”的首先译名就是“Protection”,何劳“Safeguarding”?

32.我国注册商标的合理使用制度

On Our Country’s System of Fair Use on Registered Trademark

――《人民司法》,2006/5p.33

按:“on”应更正为“of”。

33.论执行拍卖合同的非民事可诉性

Implementing An Auction Contract is not Civilly Actionable

­――《人民司法》,2006/5p.70

按:该小写的,偏偏大写:“An”;该大写的,又偏偏小写:“is not”.该刊通过此例证明其全面无知。

34.推进司法民主,确保公平正义

Pushing Judicial Democracy as well as Insuring Fairness and Justice

――《人民司法》,2006/5p.1

按:“as well as”系复合连词,因此,作为浑然一体,符合大写要件――应作As Well As”!

35.保险审判,任重道远

Adjudicating Insurance Cases Burden is Heavy and the Road is Long

――《人民司法》,2006/5p.4

按:句中无一标点,宜在“Cases”与“Burden”之间加入冒号。

36.保险纠纷法律适用研讨会综述

The Summary of the Seminar on Application of Law Involving Insurance Disputes

――《人民司法》,2006/5p.9

按:似宜改译为“The Summary of the Seminar on Application of Law on Insurance Disputes”

37.打黑除恶专项斗争中的法律适用问题

On Application of Law in the Struggle of Cracking down Gangland Crimes and Exterminating Evil Forces

按:“down”系实词,在其所处语境下应予大写!

38.商品房买卖纠纷中逾期办证责任的认定

On Determination of Civil Liability of Overdue Handling Certificate in Hearing Cases Involving Sales of Commercial Housing

――《人民司法》,2006/5p.25

按:拟改译如下: On Finding of the Responsibilities for Delayed Certification in Disputes over Sales of Commercial Housing

39.从新时期调解工作面临的困境谈法院的应对

On Countermeasure of Courts According to Difficult Position Faced with Judicial Conciliation in New Era

――《人民司法》,2006/5p.28

按:宜改译为:How Would the Court React in the New Era Confronted with the Difficulties in Judicial Mediation

以上各例均取自2006年头五期《人民司法》之篇目英译,虽尚不能示其全貌,但已可见一斑,聊表作为一名读者对该刊之衷心关注吧。如果还要多说两句,那无非是恨铁不成钢之类的话:多一份敬业精神,好好学习,天天向上,愿大家好自为之,自个珍重。

 

 

 


 

地方法规翻译适用的风格*

 

一、       适应原文文体风貌

翻译必须随文体之异、随原文风格之异而调整译文,必须保证译文对原文文体和风格的适应性(Adaption)。

作为翻译,我们的任务不仅限于传达原意,而且应在拿到原文以后通过反复阅读、钻研,掌握原文的总体风貌,包括:用词倾向(专业词、深难词浅易词等等);句式特点(简单句、复杂句、省略句、祈使句、句式变化等等);并运用自己学到的翻译技能处理原文,使自己的译文尽可能适应原文的总体风貌。

总地说来,现代正式英语在很大的程度上已摆脱了旧式正式英语用词古奥,句式盘曲的束缚,尤其是二十世纪六十年代以来,现代正式英语有了很显著的发展,总的趋势是比十八、十九世纪的正式英语远为平易。

我们这一时代的法律法规翻译适用的风格应为简洁而严谨。正如“美国统一州法典委员会统一法案或示范法案的起草规则”序言中指出:一部精湛的法案草案的基本要素是准确、简洁、清晰和朴素。法案起草者应选用通俗易懂的常用词;使用准确表述立法意图的语言;删除可有可无的字、词;运用准确的语法。在其制定的篇章、条目中,“美国统一州法典委员会统一法案或示范法案的起草规则”对语言用法要保持一致性、语言的简洁性、词和词组的选择、以及标点符号的正确运用等作了具体的阐述。“美国统一州法典委员会统一法案或示范法案的起草规则”对语言规范的要求,正适用于我们的法律法规翻译语言规范标准。(参见本文最后的附录)

二、       适格的文体

在阐述翻译与文体的书籍中,通常将文体分为:新闻报刊文体、论述文体、公文文体、描述及叙述文体、科技文体、应用文体。法律法规翻译一般归在“公文文体”中。

 

 

 

*摘编自刘宓庆《文体与翻译》,中国对外翻译出版公司,1998年。

广义的公文文体指政府(或机构)发布的各种公告、宣言、规章、法令、通告、启示、通报、指令以及各类法律文书。狭义的公文文体只指法律文书。我们在这里用的是广义的公文文体的概念。因为,以上种种形式的书面语体虽然各有其不同的社会功能,但是就语言特征而言,却有很多共同点,将它们统称为公文文体,便于我们从翻译的角度加以探讨。

公文文体在现代英语中比较驳杂,不能一概而论。好的公文文体英语一般具有以下特点:

1.            明确准确,避免晦涩

一般说来,发布公文的目的都是为了阐明公文发布者的立场、观点或政策、措施,因此行文以“明白、准确”、“力戒晦涩”为第一要旨,具体表现在用词上。好的公文用词明确,不能含糊、隐晦,特别是政府法令及一般法律文书都戒绝使用模棱两可之词。在严谨的公文中,重要词语都要有严格的涵义,不能混同。

2.严谨紧凑,避免松散

公文的功能是在上与下、民与官以及有关部门之间交流正式的信息。因此,公文制定者总是力求行文严谨,避免使用俚俗语及松散脱沓的句子,以免使人产生不严肃的感觉。好的公文行文紧凑,能抓住公众或读者的注意力,避免使用过多的插入语,尽力避免使用描写性修饰语,力图保持公众或读者在思维和视觉上的连贯性。

3.程式规范化,避免标新立异

公文的目的和职能要求行文具有稳定的、例行的公文程式,以便使公务有条不紊地进行。合理的程式化对公文来说是必需的。沿用规范化、标准化的公文程式可以使办事者一看就知道什么事、怎么办。

在现代英语中符合以上特点,而且具有深远影响的公文,首推《联合国宪章》。

三、       公文文体的翻译要点

1.首先抓住对原文的透彻理解。由于公文倾向于使用生涩词、罕用词、长词、大词、抽象词,加以句子拖沓冗长,结构非常复杂,经常出现句子与句子环扣、包孕、插入等等影响译者连贯思考的句子组合形式,因此译者尤宜悉心领悟原文的总体精神和每一个句段的思想脉络与层次。作为翻译工作者,我们绝不能因自己的偏爱而改变严谨的翻译作风和态度。在任何情况下,翻译者都应当忠于职守,认识到翻译工作总是存在着客观从属性这一面。

2.翻译公文文体的源语材料时,译者必须注意目标语语体。一般说来,英语公文用的是正式英语书面语体,有些公文则是庄严文体(The Frozen Style)。

3.翻译公文英语时必须注意研究该材料所涉及的专业内容、了解专业词汇和术语的涵义,最好具有有关专业的必要知识。如果译者对所译公文的专业很陌生则应尽可能读一些参考书,或向有关的专业人员请教。

4.翻译公文时必须注意形式问题,包括公文程式、格式、体例等等。处理形式上的问题,原则上是“客从主人”,以译文顺应原文,不打乱原文的句段或总体安排。保持原文的公文体例,有助于反映原件的风貌。另外,许多文件的程式或格式都行之远久,已成定式,又是发件机构规定的(如联合国文件)。严格按这类文件的程式和提炼翻译,也是衡量我们的翻译作风是否严谨的标志之一。

5.译文所用词语应严格遵守“一贯性”(Consistency)的原则,在同一篇或同一类材料中不应一词数译,莫衷一是,造成概念混乱。比如:decision应译为“决定”,则应“决定”到底,不要中途又改为“决议”,使读者疑为另有所指。译者如实在拿捏不定,可以在第一次出现时用括号附上原文词语。概念的语言信息一贯性是保证语言的交际功能的基本因素,这一点完全适用于翻译。

附录:

以下是“美国统一州法典委员会统一法案或示范法案的起草规则”之附录中所列的内容,有助于我们了解现代美国立法语言的风格:

 

不要使用下列累赘的同类词语

alter and change                      made and entered into

any and all 

authorize and direct                    necessary or desirable

authorize and empower                 null and void

 

by and with                           order and direct

made and entered into                   over and above

desire and require

 

                                     power and authority

 

each and all

each and every                         shall have and exercise

final and conclusive                     sole and exclusive

from and after                          type and kind

full and complete

full force and effect                      unless and until

 

不要使用下列模糊的词语

aforementioned                        said (as a substitute for

aforesaid                              “it”, “he”, “she”, etc.)

and/or (say “A” or “B”,                  same (as a substitute for

or both)                               “it”, “he”, “she”, etc.)

 

before (as and adjective)                  thereof

before-mentioned                        thereto

                                      therewith

hereafter                               to wit

hereby

herein                                 whatsoever

hereinabove                            whensoever

hereinafter                              wheresoever

heretofore

herewith

 

使用简朴的语言文字

不要使用                         使用

absolutely null and void and

of no effect                              void

accorded                                given

adjudged, ordered and decreed               adjudged

admit of                                 allow

afforded                                 given

among and between                        among (if more than two things or

persons are involved);

between (if two or more things are involved but are treated individually)

approximately                              about

at the place                                 where

at the same time                             when

at the time                                  when

attempt (as a verb)                            try

calculate                                    compute

category                                    kind, class, group

cause it to be done                            have it done

cease                                       stop

commerce, institute                            start, begin

complete (as a verb)                            finish

conceal                                      hide

consequence                                  result

constitute and appoint                           appoint

contiguous to                                  next to

corporation organized and

existing under the laws

of New Jersey                                 a New Jersey corporation

 

do and perform                                 do

does not operate to                              does not  

donate                                        give

during such time as                              while

during the course of                              during

 

endeavor (as a verb)                              try

enter into a contract with                          to contract with

evidence, documentary

and otherwise                                   evidence

evince                                         show

except that                                      but

excessive number of                              too many

expiration                                       end

 

fail, refuse, and neglect                             fail

for the duration of                                 during or while

for the purpose of holding                           to hold (or comparable

(or other gerund)                                  infinitive)

for the reason that                                 because

forthwith                                        immediately

frequently                                        often

from July 1, 1991                                  after June 30, 1991

full and adequate or full                             

and complete                                      full

 

hereafter                                     after this …takes effect

heretofore                                    before this…takes effect

however or provided                            if, unless, or state

                                             the condition

in case in which                                when, where

in case                                       if

indicate (in the sense of                          show

show)

inquire                                        ask

in Sections 2023                                in Sections 2023

to 2039 inclusive                                through 2039

institute                                       begin, start

interrogate                                     question

in the case of                                   whenever

                                              (only when emphasizing

                                              the exhausting or recurring

                                              applicability to the

                                              proposition)

in the event that                                 if

in the interest of                                 for

is able to                                       can

is applicable (shall be)                            applies

is authorized and directed                          shall

is authorized to                                  may

is binding upon                                  binds

in directed                                      shall

is entitled (in the sense of                          is called

has the name)

is unable to                                      cannot

it is the duty                                     shall

it shall be lawful to                                may

 

law passed                                       law enacted

 

manner                                          way

minimum                                        least, smallest

modify                                          change

 

negotiate (in the sense of                            make

enter into a contract)

no later than June 30, 1991                           before July 1, 1991

nor                                              or (do not misuse “nor”,

                                                 “for”, “or”, after a

                                                 negative expression)

obtain                                            get

occasion (as a verb)                                 cause

of a technical nature                                 technical

on and after July 1, 1991                              after June 30, 1991

on his or her own application                          at his or her own request

on or before June, 30, 1991                            before July 1, 1991

on the part of                                       by

or, in the alternative                                  or

 

paragraph (5) of subsection                            Section 2097 (a) (5)

(a)    of Section 2097

party of the first part                                  (the party’s name)

per annum                                          per year

per centum                                          percent

period of time                                        period, time

portion                                              part

preceding                                            before

preserve                                             keep

prior or prior to                                       earlier or before

proceed                                             go, go ahead

procure                                             obtain, get

prosecute its business                                  carry on its business

provided that                                         if, unless, or but

provision of law                                       law

purchase (as a verb)                                    buy

 

remainder                                             rest

render (in the sense of give)                               give

render (in the sense of cause                               make

to be)

require (in the sense of need)                               need

retain                                                  keep

 

specified (in the sense of                               named

expressly mentioned of                 

listed)

State of Kansas                                       Kansas

subsequent                                          later

subsequent to                                        after

successfully completes                                completes or passes

or passes

suffer (in the sense of                                  permit

permit)

sufficient number of                                   enough

summon                                            send for, call

 

the Congress                                         Congress

the manner in which                                   how

to the effect that                                      that

                                      

under the provisions                                   under

until such time as                                      until

utilize, employ in the sense                              use

of use)

 

when                                                if

where                                                in which

within or without                                       inside or outside the

the United States                                       United States

with reference to                                       for

with the object of changing                               to change (or

(or other gerund)                                     comparative infinitive

 



§ 法律刊物论文篇目英译,其法律与各种法规之英译同,故可供法规英译之参考。

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