上海市行政法制研究所译审外事室主办   （总第31期）  2007年 6月 20日出版

     [译文规范]

    “2010年上海‘世博会’”等的翻译统一

    随着2010年上海“世博会”的临近，在规范性文件的翻译中，与2010年上海“世博会”相关的词汇出现频率较高，其译文不尽一致，仅就“2010年上海‘世博会’”常见的译文就有“World Expo 2010 Shanghai China”、“The World Exposition Shanghai China 2010”、“Shanghai World Expo 2010 (China) ”和“Shanghai World Expo 2010 ”等。

    为提高翻译工作的规范性和统一性，本期特将上海世博局发布的《世界博览会标志使用管理办法》附件一《世界博览会标志清单》中文字部分摘录如下，供参考使用：

    1. 中国2010年上海世界博览会

    2. 中国2010年上海世博会

    　3. 2010年上海世博会

    　4. 上海世博会

    　5. 上海世博

    　6. 上海2010

    　7. 2010世博会

    　8. 城市，让生活更美好

    　9. The World Exposition Shanghai China 2010

    　10. Expo 2010 Shanghai China

    　11. Expo 2010 Shanghai

    　12. Expo Shanghai

    　13. Shanghai Expo

    　14. Shanghai 2010

    　15. Expo 2010

    　16. 2010 Expo

    　17. Better City, Better Life

 [专家论坛]

    本栏目专门刊登专家的翻译心得、体会及研究成果，旨在为法规、规章翻译的研究提供一个相互交流、探讨的园地。

    本栏目热忱欢迎各位翻译和译审专家的来稿，稿酬从优。

    中华人民共和国《民法通则》AAA英译本比较评析

    陈忠诚

    （接总第30期）

    原文：第八十九条 依照法律的规定或者按照当事人的约定，可以采用下列方式担保债务的履行：

    （一）保证人向债权人保证债务人履行债务，债务人不履行债务的，按照约定由保证人履行或者承担连带责任；保证人履行债务后，有权向债务人追偿。

    （二）债务人或者第三人可以提供一定的财产作为抵押物。债务人不履行债务的，债权人有权依照法律的规定以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押物的价款优先得到偿还。

    （三）当事人一方在法律规定的范围内可以向对方给付定金。债务人履行债务后，定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行债务的，无权要求返还定金；接受定金的一方不履行债务的，应当双倍返还定金。

    （四）按照合同约定一方占有对方的财产，对方不按照合同给付应付款项超过约定期限的，占有人有权留置该财产，依照法律的规定以留置财产折价或者以变卖该财产的价款优先得到偿还。

    译文：Article 89. In accordance with legal provisions the agreement between the parties on the performance of a debt may be guaranteed using the methods below:

    (1) A guarantor may guarantee to the creditor that the debtor shall perform his debt. If the debtor defaults, the guarantor shall perform the debt or bear joint liability according to agreement. After performing the debt, the guarantor shall have the right to claim repayment from the debtor.

    (2) The debtor or a third party may offer a specific property as a pledge. If the debtor defaults, the creditor shall be entitled to keep the pledge to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the pledge pursuant to relevant legal provisions.

    (3) Within the limits of relevant legal provisions, a party may leave a deposit with the other party. After the debtor has discharged his debt, the deposit shall either be retained as partial payment of the debt or be returned. If the party who leaves the deposit defaults, he shall not be entitled to demand the return of the deposit; if the party who accepts the deposit defaults, he shall repay the deposit in double.

    (4) If a party has possession of the other party's property according to contract and the other party violates the contract by failing to pay a required sum of money within the specified time limit, the possessor shall have a lien on the property and may keep the retained property to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the property pursuant to relevant legal provisions. (LAB)

    Article 89. In accordance with the provisions of the law or as agreed between the parties, the following methods may be adopted to guarantee the discharge of a debt:

    (i) If a guarantor has guaranteed to a creditor the discharge by a debtor of a debt and the debtor fails to discharge such debt, the guarantor shall, in accordance with the agreement, fulfill the obligation or bear joint liability. After it fulfils the obligation, the guarantor has the right to seek compensation from the debtor.

    (ii) A debtor or bird party may provide certain assets as security. If the debtor fails to discharge its debt, the creditor shall have the right to receive priority in payment by, according to the provision of the law, converting the security to its value or by selling the secured assets.

    (iii) One party may, within the scope stipulated by law, pay a deposit to the other party. Following discharge of the debt by the debtor, the deposit shall be deducted from the price or refunded. If the party which paid the deposit fails to discharge the debt, it shall have no right to demand the refund of the deposit. If the party which accepted the deposit fails to fulfill its obligations, it shall repay double the original deposit amount.

    (iv) If one party possesses, in accordance with a contract, the property of another party and the other party fails to pay the sum of money agreed in the contract within the time agreed, the party in possession of the property shall have the right to retain the property and, according to law, to receive priority in payment by converting the property to its value or by selling the property. (CCH)

    Article 89. Performance of obligations in accordance with the provisions of the law or according to the stipulations of the parties may be guaranteed by the following means:

    (1) The guarantor guarantees to the obligee that the obligor will perform his obligations. If the obligor does not perform his obligations, the guarantor shall, in accordance with the stipulations of the contract, perform the obligations or assume joint responsibility; after the guarantor has performed the obligations, he has the right to pursue compensation from the obligor.

    (2) The obligor or a third person may submit specified property as collateral. If the obligor does not perform his obligations, the obligee has the right, in accordance with the provisions of the law, to convert the collateral or to take priority in repayment when the collateral is sold.

    (3) Either party may, within the scope provided by law, give a deposit to the other party. After the obligor has performed his obligations, the deposit should be deducted from the price or returned. Where the party who gave the deposit does not perform his obligations, he has no right to demand a return of his deposit; where the party who has received the deposit does not perform his obligations, he must return double the amount of the deposit.

    (4) Where one party, according to the stipulations of the contract, has possession of the other party’s property, if the other party does not -in accordance with the contract-pay the money that he should have paid or pays after the time stipulated by the contract, the party in possession has the right retain the property, and in accordance with the provisions of the law, to convert the property retained or to take priority in repayment when the property is sold. (CLR)

    述评：（1）“债务的履行”，CCH作“discharge of a debt”，CLR作“performance of obligations”在语言上都是可以接受的；而“LAB”作“performance of debt”在语言搭配上感到别扭。从其含义来看，则“debt”只是“债务”的一种，而不是广义的“债务”（应由obligation表示），属用词不当。

    （2）LAB把原文第一款前半理解错了，故有如下的误译：

    In accordance with legal provisions the agreement between the parties….

    （3）CLR给本条一款的译文“Performance of obligations in accordance with the provisions of the law or according to the stipulations of the parties….”中，刻意用“in accordance with”（在先）和“accordance to”（在后）两个不同的复合介词传译原文中先后两个“依照”，适足以反映译者对译名同一律缺乏敏感。

    （4）本条第二项原文“债权人有权……”中“有权”两字，被LAB误译为“shall be entitled to…”，又被CCH错译为“shall have the right to …”。但是我们不必太难过，好在CLR还是译对了的――“has the right…to…”。是不是可以说三步之内必有芳草呢？

    （5）但第三项原文“定金应当抵作”却被CLR误译成“the deposit should be deducted”――这回是LAB和CCH对了：用“shall”而不用“should”译“应该”。

    （6）三家译文都把“定金”再三译为“deposit”（共九次）。但请注意：“定金”乃“deposit”之属而非“deposit”。或者说：“定金”者“白马”也，“deposit”者“马”也；白马非马，故“定金”非“deposit”也。那么“定金”在英语中的“白马王子”是何许词呢？――“earnest money”是也。

    原文：第九十条 合法的借贷关系受法律保护。

    译文：Article 90. Legitimate loan relationships shall be protected by law. （LAB）

    Article 90. Lawful creditor-debtor relationships are protected by law. (CCH)

    Article 90. A lawful lending relationship receives the protection of the law. (CLR)

    述评：（1）本条立法原文乃同义词反复的立法废话――“合法的借贷关系受法律保护”同“非法的借贷关系不受法律保护”一样，都是废话，应坚决删除，以端正立法文风。当然，作为译者，我辈无权删除；但作为译者，我侪必须理解原文和原文的周围情况，因为理解原文是翻译的起点和基础。

    （2）“受法律保护”，又遭LAB误译为“shall be protected by law”了。

    原文：第九十一条 合同一方将合同的权利、义务全部或者部分转让给第三人的，应当取得合同另一方的同意，并不得牟利。依照法律规定应当由国家批准的合同，需经原批准机关批准。但是，法律另有规定或者原合同另有约定的除外。

    译文：Article 91. If a party to a contract transfers all or part of his contractual rights or obligations to a third party, he shall obtain the other party's consent and may not seek profits therefrom. Contracts which according to legal provisions are subject to state approval, such as transfers, must be approved by the authority that originally approved the contract, unless the law or the original contract stipulates otherwise. （LAB）

    Article 91. If one party to a contract assigns, in full or in part, its rights and obligations under the contract to a third party, it must obtain the agreement of the other party to the contract and may not seek to make a profit. Any contract which, according to the law, had to be approved by the State must be re-approved by the original approving body, except where otherwise stipulated by law or the provisions of the contract. (CCH)

    Article 91. When one of the parties to a contract assigns a part or the whole of his contractual rights and obligations to a third party, he must obtain the consent of the other party to the contract and he must not profiteer.

    When, in accordance with the provisions of the law, there should be State approval of a contract, there must be approval from the original agency except where otherwise provided by law or otherwise stipulated in the original contract. (CLR)

    述评：（1）CLR把本单款条文擅自改译为多款条文，殊属非是。

    （2）“应当由国家”，CLR作“there should be State approval”不如LAB的“are subject to state approval”和CCH的“had to be approved by the State”。

    （3）本条第二句，是关于“转让给第三人”是否须批准及如何批准的规定；但立法文句词不达意，易滋误解。三种译文的客观存在就是最好的证明。特别是LAB的有关译文根本与原意风马牛，如果译为汉语，竟是“依照法律规定应当由国家批准的转让等合同，……”了。但立法原意却是：凡经批准的合同，其转让须由原批准机关批准之。

    （4）试译如下，请指正：

    In assigning (which must be gratis) his contractual rights and duties in full or in part to a third party, a contracting party shall obtain the other party’s consent. Unless otherwise provided under the law or the original contract, the assignment shall be approved by the original approving agency if the original contract is subject to state approval.

    原文：第九十二条 没有合法根据，取得不当利益，造成他人损失的，应当将取得的不当利益返还受损失的人。

    译文：Article 92. If profits are acquired improperly and without a lawful basis, resulting in another person's loss, the illegal profits shall be returned to the person who suffered the loss. (LAB)

    Article 92. If improper benefits are obtained without legal basis and damage is caused to another party, the illegally gained profits must be returned to the party which suffered such damage. (CCH)

    Article 92. One who, without lawful basis, obtains illegal profits causing loss to another should return the illegal profits obtained to the person who has suffered the loss. (CLR)

    述评：（1）原文中先后出现两次的“不当得利”是同一概念、同一事物，在译文中自亦应维持其同一，遵守译名同一律。但上列三译文中，只有CLR懂得遵守这一规律――先后均作“illegal profits”（“obtains illegal profits”和“illegal profits obtained”），其余两译都违反了这一重要法律翻译规则――CCH先作“improper benefits are obtained”后又改作“illegally gained profits”而LAB则既作“profits are acquired improperly”于先，又改译为“the illegal profits shall be returned”――务必向CLR学习才是。

    （2）但CLR犯了一个CCH与LAB都没有犯的错误――把“应当”误解为“should”，而且已非初犯。

    （3）CCH与LAB均作“suffered (such damage; the loss)”，这里用过去时是错误的；CLR作“has suffered (the loss)”是可以的，但有法律文体学者认为法律条文中应尽可能用现在时；如此，则最好是用“suffers”了。

    （4）试译如下，供继续评论之参考：

    Benefits from legally groundless, unjust enrichment causing damage to another person must be returned to the person suffering the damage.

    原文：第九十三条 没有法定的或者约定的义务，为避免他人利益受损失进行管理或者服务的，有权要求受益人偿付由此而支付的必要费用。

    译文：Article 93. If a person acts as manager or provides services in order to protect another person's interests when he is not legally or contractually obligated to do so, he shall be entitled to claim from the beneficiary the expenses necessary for such assistance. (LAB）

    Article 93. If a party undertakes management or a service without a legal or agreed obligation in order to avoid harm to the interests of another party, it shall have the right to demand from the benefiting party compensation for the necessary expenses incurred thereby. (CCH)

    Article 93. One who, without legal or contractual obligation, carries out management or provides service in order to avoid losses of profit to another, has the right to request that the person who has received the benefit reimburse him for this and for the necessary expenses paid. (CLR)

    述评：（1）“有权……”被LAB和CCH又一次分别误译为“shall be entitled to…”和“shall have the right to…”，可见“shall”病毒之猖獗。好在CLR还能保持其译文的正确性――译作不滥用“shall”的“has the right to…”。

    （2）按照文末，“要求受益人偿付的”只是“必要费用”而已。对此，LAB和CCH的译文是准确的。但CLR的译文却是“reimburse him for this and for the necessary expenses paid.”――除了偿付“必要费用”即“the necessary expenses paid”之外，还得偿付“this”即“管理或服务”费了！

    （3）试译如下，供继续评论之参考：

    Taking charge to or rendering service to others without a statutory or contractual obligation and in the interest of others, a person may demand from the beneficiary or beneficiaries the reimbursement of necessary expenses the person incurs as a result.

    原文：第三节 知识产权

    第九十四条 公民、法人享有著作权（版权），依法有署名、发表、出版、获得报酬等权利。

    译文：Section III Intellectual Property Rights

    Article 94. Citizens and legal persons shall enjoy rights of authorship (copyrights) and shall be entitled to sign their names as authors, issue and publish their works and obtain remuneration in accordance with the law. (LAB)

    Section 3: Intellectual Property Rights

    Article 94. Citizens and legal persons enjoy rights of authorship (copyright). According to law, they have such rights as those to sign, issue, publish and be remunerated. (CCH)

    Section 3: Intellectual Property

    Article 94. Citizens and juristic persons enjoy the right of authorship (copyright), and in accordance with the law have rights such as signature, publication, printing and obtaining remuneration therefore. (CLR)

    述评：（1）“知识产权”的上列译名之两（LAB和CCH）均有“rights”一词；但此词实属可有可无，故CLR仅作“Intellectual Property”是更为可取的。

    （2）LAB译文用了两个“shall”，个个都是错的；唯CCH与CLR两译中连一个“shall”病毒亦无容身之地，从而相应地保证了翻译质量。

    （3）这里，不得不把汉语条文中的“依法”，提到讨论日程上来了。以本条而论，其提法是非常奇特的：“署名……等权利”是包容于“著作权（版权）”的更为具体的权利，但前者必须“依法有”而后者却是不必“依法”的“享有”对象！难道“著作权（版权）”就可不“依法”或“非法”享有吗了？由此可见“依法有署名……等权利”中“依法”两字的荒谬――除非您承认“公民、法人……”之前遗漏了“依法”两字。我们衷心希望有关立法者能从立法废话中解放出来，不要再用这种（而不是一切）“依法”了――它至少会替中国法律的翻译制造不必要的障碍，大而言之它会降低立法质量。由于这种“依法”之是否见诸于文字与立法意图无关，因此把所有三种译文中的“in accordance with the law”和“according to law”删得一个也不留，对抑制言之无物的译文和提倡法律文字力求简练的译风是大有好处的。凡我法律英译者在维护法律翻译原则和端正立法文风两条战线上千万不能手软。

    原文：第九十五条 公民、法人依法取得的专利权受法律保护。

    译文：Article 95. The patent rights lawfully obtained by citizens and legal persons shall be protected by law. (LAB)

    Article 95. Patent rights obtained according to the law by citizens or legal persons are protected by law. (CCH)

    Article 95. Patent rights obtained by citizens and juristic persons in accordance with the law receive the protection of the law. (CLR)

    述评：（1）本条规定就其汉语原文而言，实有失简练且有言之无物之处，译者在理解原文阶段自难视而不见。为端正立法文风使弹无虚发、墨无浪费，本条应改缩为：“专利权受法律保护”。任何权利作为法律概念哪有不合法的？！哪能非法取得？！所以“依法取得”没有说明什么，是废话（强盗可以取得物质利益但无法取得其所有权）。

    （2）LAB又犯了滥用“shall”之误，CCH与CLR均不用“shall”就足以为此作证了。

    （3）本条如译作“Patent rights are protected by law.”，是丝毫无损于立法原意的。

    原文：第九十六条 法人、个体工商户、个人合伙依法取得的商标专用权受法律保护。

    译文：Article 96. The rights to exclusive use of trademarks obtained by legal persons, individual businesses and individual partnerships shall be protected by law. (LAB)

    Article 96. The exclusive right to use a trademark obtained, according to the law, by a legal person, individual industrial and commercial household or a partnership between individuals is protected by law. (CCH)

    Article 96. The right to exclusive use of a trademark acquired by any juristic person, individual industrial and commercial households or individual partnership in accordance with the law receives the protection of the law. (CLR)

    述评：（1）同第95条述评之（1）和（2）

    （2）见前文有关述评

    （3）本条作如下译是完全贴合立法原意的：

    The exclusive trademark right is protected by law.

    原文：第九十七条 公民对自己的发现享有发现权。发现人有权申请领取发现证书、奖金或者其他奖励。

    公民对自己的发明或者其他科技成果，有权申请领取荣誉证书、奖金或者其他奖励。

    译文：Article 97. Citizens who make discoveries shall be entitled to the rights of discovery. A discoverer shall have the right to apply for and receive certificates of discovery, bonuses or other awards.

    Citizens who make inventions or other achievements in scientific and technological research shall have the right to apply for and receive certificates of honor, bonuses or other awards. (LAB)

    Article 97. Citizens enjoy the right of discovery with regard to their own discoveries. A discoverer has the right to apply for and obtain a certificate of discovery, a monetary award or other award.

    Citizens have the right, with regard to their own inventions or other scientific and technical achievements, to apply for and obtain a certificate of honor, monetary award or other award. (CCH)

    Article 97. Citizens enjoy the right of discovery for their own discoveries. A discoverer has the right to apply for a certificate of discovery, monetary reward or other awards.

    Citizens have the right to apply for certificates of honor, monetary rewards or other wards for their own inventions or other scientific accomplishments. (CLR)

    述评：（1）LAB用了三个“shall”，个个都没有用对。

    （2）本条立法一、二两款显然有失平衡。

    （3）试译如下：

    A citizen enjoys the right of discovery to what he discovers. A discoverer has the right to apply for the discovery certificate and monetary or other prize(s).

    For what he invents or achieves scitech-wise, a citizen may apply for the certificate of honor and monetary or other prizes.

    原文：第四节 人身权

    第九十八条 公民享有生命健康权。

    译文：Section IV Personal Rights

    Article 98. Citizens shall enjoy the rights of life and health. (LAB)

    Section 4: Personal Rights

    Article 98. Citizens enjoy the right to life and to health. (CCH)

    Section 4. Rights of the Person

    Article 98. Citizens enjoy the right to life and health. (CLR)

    述评：（1）LAB用了“shall”，使“享有生命健康权”沦为义务，而停止其为权利了。

    （2）“人身权”有两译：“Personal Rights”（LAB和CCH）和“Rights of the Person”，似以后一种译法为精确――前一译易滋歧义。

    原文：第九十九条 公民享有姓名权，有权决定、使用和依照规定改变自己的姓名，禁止他人干涉、盗用、假冒。法人、个体工商户、个人合伙享有名称权。企业法人、个体工商户、个人合伙有权使用、依法转让自己的名称。

    译文：Article 99. Citizens shall enjoy the right of personal name and shall be entitled to determine, use or change their personal names in accordance with relevant provisions. Interference with, usurpation of and false representation of personal names shall be prohibited. Legal persons, individual businesses and individual partnerships shall enjoy the right of name. Enterprises as legal persons, individual businesses and individual partnerships shall have the right to use and lawfully assign their own names. (LAB)

    Article 99. Citizens enjoy the right to a name and have the right to determine, use and, in accordance with regulations, to change their own names. It is prohibited for a person to interfere with, fraudulently use or to pass himself off under another citizen’s name.

    Legal persons, individual industrial and commercial households and partnerships between individuals enjoy the right to a business name. Corporations, individual industrial and commercial households and partnerships between individuals have the right to use and, in    accordance with the law, to transfer their own business names. (CCH)

    Article 99. Citizens enjoy the right to their names and have the right to determine, to use and, in accordance with regulations to change their names; interfering with, usurping or falsely using the name of another is forbidden.

    Juristic persons, individual industrial and commercial households and individual partnerships enjoy the right to their names. Enterprise juristic persons, individual industrial and commercial households and individual partnerships have the right to use and, in accordance with the law, to transfer their names. (CLR)

    述评：（1）LAB滥用“shall”――已经多少次了？！

    （2）三家译文均有欠简练处。

    （3）试译如下：

    A citizen has the right to adopt, bear and legally change his name, never to be interfered with, usurped, or misrepresented under.

    A legal person, proprietorship or partnership has the right to its business name. An enterprise-legal person, proprietorship or partnership has the right to bear or legally assign its business name.

    原文：第一百条 公民享有肖像权，未经本人同意，不得以营利为目的使用公民的肖像。

    译文：Article 100. Citizens shall enjoy the right of portrait.

    The use of a citizen's portrait for profit without his consent shall be prohibited. (LAB)

    Article 100. Citizens enjoy the right of portrait. A citizen’s portrait may not be used for the purpose of obtaining a profit without the permission of the citizen himself. (CCH)

    Article 100. Citizens enjoy the right to their likenesses; one should not use a citizen’s likeness for profitmaking purposes without obtaining his consent. (CLR)

    述评：（1）原文为单款条文，被LAB误译为多款（双款）条目，殊属非是。

    （2）CLR以“should not”译“不得”，未达原意，是错的；CCH作“may not”是可以的。

    （3）LAB中的两个“shall”都是滥用。

    （4）上列各译均欠简练。

    （5）试译如下：

    A citizen has the right to his portrait, never to be used without his consent.

    原文：第一百零一条 公民、法人享有名誉权，公民的人格尊严受法律保护，禁止用侮辱、诽谤等方式损害公民、法人的名誉。

    译文：Article 101. Citizens and legal persons shall enjoy the right of reputation. The personality of citizens shall be protected by law, and the use of insults, libel or other means to damage the reputation of citizens or legal persons shall be prohibited. (LAB)

    Article 101. Citizens and legal persons enjoy the right of reputation. The human dignity of citizens is protected by law. It is prohibited to harm the reputation of a citizen or legal person by such means as insult or libel. (CCH)

    Article 101. Citizens and juristic persons enjoy the right to their reputations. A citizen’s personal dignity receives the protection of law. It is forbidden to injure the reputation of citizens or juristic persons by such means as insult or slander. (CLR)

    述评：（1）立法原文逻辑欠顺――没有明确“公民的人格尊严受法律保护”与“禁止用侮辱、诽谤等方式损害公民、法人的名誉”和“公民、法人享有名誉权” 之因果关系和前提、推论与结果系列中的定位。因此，译者在理解原文、以备表达的工序中有职责予以理顺。

    （2）原文中的“等”无实质涵义，并非“等等”

    （3）LAB的两个shall照例又错了，而CCH和CLR照例又没有错。

    （4）三译均欠简练。

    （5）试译如下，其他述评尽在其中矣：

    His dignity of personality protected by law, a citizen, or a legal person for that matter, has the right to his reputation, subject to no insult, slander or libel.

    原文：第一百零二条 公民、法人享有荣誉权，禁止非法剥夺公民、法人的荣誉称号。

    译文：Article 102. Citizens and legal persons shall enjoy the right of honor. It shall be prohibited to unlawfully divest citizens and legal persons of their honorary titles. (LAB)

    Article 102. Citizens and legal persons enjoy the right to honor. It is prohibited to illegally strip a citizen or legal person of an honorary title. (CCH)

    Article 102. Citizens and juristic persons enjoy the right to their honor; it is forbidden illegally to deprive citizens or juristic persons of their honorary titles. (CLR)

    述评：（1）翻译之基础在于理解原文。不懂原文如何能译？不彻底理解原文并融会贯通之，如何能有透彻贴切之译文？！本条原文中的“荣誉权”与“荣誉称号”是同义概念还是前者包含后者？如前者包含后者，则为什么只保护“荣誉权”的内容之一“荣誉称号”而不保护“荣誉权”的全部内容？这样，立法者就无法自圆其说了。如果此处的“荣誉称号”就是“荣誉权”的别称，两者是同一个概念，即就能自圆其说了。因此，为了维护本条之自圆其说，译者只得把“荣誉称号”理解为“荣誉权”的同义概念。

    （2）LAB中的两个“shall”都是滥用。

    （3）LAB把“人格尊严”误解为“人格”，从而误解为“personality”；而其他两译则不然，故译文中均有LAB所没有的那个“dignity”。

    （4）各译均欠简练。

    （5）试译如下：

    A citizen or a legal person has the right to his honor, never to be deprived of in violation of law.

    原文：第一百零三条 公民享有婚姻自主权，禁止买卖、包办婚姻和其他干涉婚姻自由的行为。

    译文：Article 103. Citizens shall enjoy the right of marriage by choice. Mercenary marriages, marriages upon arbitrary decision by any third party and any other acts of interference in the freedom of marriage shall be prohibited. (LAB)

    Article 103. Citizens enjoy the right of freedom of choice in marriage. Mercenary marriages, arranged marriages and other actions which interfere with freedom in marriage are prohibited.  (CCH)

    Article 103. Citizens enjoy the right to marital autonomy. Sale or purchases of marriage, arranged marriage and other acts which interfere with the freedom of marriage are forbidden. (CLR)

    述评：（1）首先，LAB中的“shall”又个个都是滥用的。

    （2）“婚姻自主”不以“婚姻的选择自由”为限。因此，LAB所译“marriage by choice”不是以译此；CLR所译“marital autonomy”才是“婚姻自主”的贴切的译名。

    （3）“包办婚姻”译作“arranged marriage”是妥帖的。这不是由于它是定译，而是由于它如实传达了汉语原意。LAB所译之所以不切原文，是由于凡按第三人之决定成婚就是包办，与包办决定之是否arbitrary无关。

    （4）试译如下：

    A citizen has the right to marital autonomy; any mercenary or arranged marriage or other act of interference with the right of autonomy is prohibited.

    原文：第一百零四条 婚姻、家庭、老人、母亲和儿童受法律保护。残疾人的合法权益受法律保护。

    译文：Article 104. Marriage, the family, old people, mothers and children shall be protected by law. The lawful rights and interests of the handicapped shall be protected by law. (LAB)

    Article 104. Marriage, the home, old people and mothers and children are protected by law.

    The legitimate rights and interests of disabled persons are protected by law. (CCH)

    Article 104. Marriage, the family, the elderly and mother and child receive the protection of law.

    The lawful rights and interests of the handicapped receive the protection of law. (CLR)

    述评：（1）LAB的“shall”又个个都是用错了的。

    （2）本条为多（双）款条文，而LAB以之为单款条文了。

    （3）三译中，以CCH最为可取，但其中第一个“and”以改成逗号为好。

    原文：第一百零五条 妇女享有同男子平等的民事权利。

    译文：Article 105. Women shall enjoy equal civil rights with men. (LAB)

    Article 105. Women enjoy civil rights equal to those of men. (CCH)

    Article 105. Women enjoy the same civil rights as men. (CLR)

    述评：（1）LAB用“shall”简直可以说是荒唐，其后果是硬派给妇女一项义务――享有民事权利平等的义务！

    （2）如前早已述评，“civil rights”完全可以被英语民族者误解为“民权”，故不足取。

    （3）试译：

    Women enjoy equal rights with men in civil law.

    （未完，待续）

   

 [译苑撷英]

    编者按：本栏目本期所选译文皆摘自我室翻译审定稿，仅供大家参考和探讨，并不代表本室的规范性意见。

    1.市、区县相关教育部门和单位要运用脑科学的研究成果以及相关的科学理论，积极宣传科学育儿的理念，努力探索0―3岁婴幼儿身心发展的特点和教养规律，研究促进他们身心健康发展的适宜环境、教养内容和教养方式，提高学前教育的科学性。加强对有特殊需要的儿童学前教育与康复的研究与实践。

    Relevant district/county education departments and units shall use the achievements in the research of brain science as well as relevant scientific theories to actively publicize the idea of scientific nursing, work hard to explore the development characteristics of children aged below three years and their teaching and nursing laws, and study the proper environment and teaching and nursing contents and modes that promote the children’s development in body and mind, so as to enhance the scientificalness of pre-school education. The study and practice of the pre-school education and rehabilitation for children in special needs shall be strengthened.

    2. 保障对象因特殊情况未及时领取住院结算凭证在定点医疗机构发生的住院医疗费用，或在外省市临时逗留期间发生的急诊住院医疗费用，在其个人以现金方式支付住院医疗的全部费用后，可以在3个月内，凭本市户口簿（或《上海市居住证》）、病史资料及医疗费收据等，到经办机构按规定申请报销。

    For hospitalization costs incurred in a designated hospital by an eligible beneficiary that, owning to extraordinary circumstances, has failed to obtain beforehand a hospitalization costs settlement voucher or for such costs incurred by him/her in an emergency case during a sojourn in another province/city, the said eligible beneficiary may, within three months after paying by himself/herself in cash the full costs of the hospital treatment received, go and apply for reimbursement according to regulations at the executive organ on the strengthen of his/her permanent residence booklet of this Municipality(or “Shanghai Residence Permit”), his/her medical history records and his/her hospital receipts.

    2. “十一五”期间，上海海洋经济发展要紧紧围绕增强城市国际竞争力这一主线，根据建设国际经济、金融、贸易、航运中心之一和社会主义现代化国际大都市的需要，以科技进步为发展动力，加强宏观调控，完善体制机制，争取承担国家中长期科技发展规划中的有关重大项目，加快海洋产业和布局结构的优化调整，推动海洋高科技产业和海洋新兴产业的发展，促进海洋科技与海洋产业的联动，加强海洋生态环境保护和建设，提高海洋事业发展水平，实现海洋经济的可持续发展，不断提高海洋经济对上海发展的贡献率。

    During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the development of marine economy in Shanghai shall closely center on the main line of strengthening the city's international competitiveness, and it is necessary to, according to the requirements of building Shanghai into one of the international economic, financial, trading and shipping centers and a socialistic modernized international metropolitan, and with the scientific and technological progress as the engine of growth, strengthen the macro control, perfect relevant systems and mechanisms, strive to undertake some major projects in the State’s medium and long-range program for scientific and technological development, accelerate the optimization and regulation of marine industry and the layout structure, push forward the development of marine high-tech industries and newly-emerging marine industries, promote the linkage between marine science and technology and marine industry, strengthen the protection and construction of marine ecological environment, raise the overall level of marine undertakings, realize the sustainable development of marine economy, and continuously raise the contribution rate of marine economy to the development of Shanghai Municipality.